1. Chapter 24, Section 2 and 3

2.  Democracy only succeeded in France and Britain.  New dictatorships elsewhere in Europe took different forms, including: Totalitarian State: government that aims to control the political, social, intellectual and cultural lives of its citizens. Individual freedoms were subordinated to the collective will of the masses, which was determined by the leader. Rise of the Dictators

3.  Benito Mussolini established Europe’s first fascist state in Italy.  Fascism: glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for strong central government and dictatorial rule. Fascism in Italy

4.  Mussolini tied nationalism into fascism to win increased support for his movement in the wake of WWI.  Mussolini used this new power to create a fascist dictatorship: Police given unrestricted authority Criticism of government a crime Rise of Fascism

5.  To create a totalitarian state, Mussolini created the OVRA or secret police to watch and control citizens.  Fascist youth organization created Fascist State

6.  Mussolini never gained total control of Italy and had to compromise his power with the King Victor Emmanuel III, and with the Catholic Church. Vatican City was created and recognized to secure an area where the Church would have control. The Catholic Church urged believers to embrace fascism in exchange for money and power. Fascist State

7.  In Russia, government control of daily life led to people hoarding food as drought and famine ended 5M lives.  Industrial collapse followed agricultural disaster.  Communism was falling out of favor, so Lenin created the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed for limited, modified capitalism. Stores could be privately owned and operated. All heavy industry, banking and mines were still government run. New Era in the Soviet Union

8.  NEP saves Russia from collapse, but Lenin dies in 1924 leading to a power struggle.  Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist party as Dictator. Rise of Stalin

9.  Stalin ended the NEP and launched his first 5-Year- Plan: economic goals set for a 5 year period, with the goal of transforming Russia into an industrial power.  The First 5-Year-Plan focused on maximum production of capital goods and armaments.  Cost was enormous, and although jobs were created there was no good housing for workers and families who were not allowed to move.  Despite resistance, peasants became part of the agricultural collectivization: private farms eliminated and the government owns the land. Five Year Plans

10.  Widespread starvation resulted from collectivization.  Stalin’s control was absolute, and personal freedoms were lost.  Stalin purged 8M old Bolsheviks, military officers, intellectuals and union leaders by having them executed or sent to labor camps.  Families who survived the purge were expected to raise their children to respect authority, hard work, duty and discipline. Costs of Stalin’s Programs

11.  Democracy failed in Spain when Francisco Franco revolted against the democratic government and began the bloody Spanish civil war.  Italian and German fascist regimes aided Franco with money and supplies, while the Spanish republican government was aided by the Soviet Union.  In 1939, Franco captured Madrid and established an authoritarian dictatorship. Spain

12. Hitler and His Views  Adolf Hitler was Austrian-born, and a failed artist who fought in WWI.  His core worldviews included racism (and extreme anti-Semitism), nationalist pride and the need for struggle in life.  In 1919, Hitler joined the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi Party for short.

13. Hitler and His Views  While in prison due to a failed rebellion against the German government, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, or My Struggle. This book included extreme German nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism and Social Darwinist theory.

14. Rise of Nazism  Membership in the Nazi party grew to 800,000 and became the largest party in the Reichstag: Germany’s parliament.  Economic disaster, unemployment and humiliation after WWI made Hitler’s extreme views attractive.

15. Rise of Nazism  By appealing to national pride, honor and tradition in his charismatic speeches, Hitler won the German people over as a savior figure.

16. Victory of Nazism  In 1933, German President Hindenburg allowed Hitler to become chancellor and create a new government.  To support his rule, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act which gave Hitler’s government power to ignore the Constitution for four years.  This legislation made Hitler a dictator.

17. Victory of Nazism  All institutions fell under Nazi control: Jews and Democratic elements were purged. Concentration Camps were set up for people who opposed the new regime. All other political parties abolished.  Hitler had achieved a totalitarian state, and Germans had to swear allegiance to Hitler as their Fuhrer or Leader.

18. The Nazi State, 1933-39  Hitler sought to develop an Aryan racial state that could dominate Europe and the world with a “master race”.  Hitler thought the Germans were the true descendants of the Romans, and that his task was to create the Third Reich (Rule) of the German Empire.  Hitler pursued this goal through economic policies, nationalist spectacles and state terror.

19. State and Terror  The Schutzstaffeln, or SS, became the secret police force under Heinrich Himmler.  The SS operated on terror and ideology: murder, death camps and terror served the goal of the Aryan race.  Regarding economic policy, Hitler rebuilt and rearmed Germany to end the unemployment problem and depression.

20. Spectacles, Women  Mass demonstration rallies in Nuremberg supported Nazi policy and whipped up national enthusiasm.  Religion, medicine, and education were brought under Nazi control.  Nazi Youth was formed.  Women were valued as the breeders of the Aryan race, but were meant to be subservient to men and not to work.

21. Anti-Semitic Policies  In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens.  Jews had to wear yellow Stars of David.  In 1938, the Kristallnacht or “night of shattered glass”, was a violent rampage in which Jewish communities were destroyed and Jews rounded up and sent to concentration camps.