1. Structured Query Language SQL-I IST 210 Organization of Data IST2101

2. Content in today’s class Create table Insert data Delete table IST2102

3. Structured Query Language –Acronym: SQL –Pronounced as “S-Q-L” [“Ess-Que-El”] –Originally developed by IBM as the SEQUEL language in the 1970s –SQL-92 is an ANSI national standard adopted in 1992 –SQL:2008 is current standard IST2103

4. SQL Defined SQL is not a programming language, but rather a data sub-language SQL is comprised of –A data definition language (DDL) Used to define database structures –A data manipulation language (DML) Data definition and updating Data retrieval (Queries) –There are other SQL functions not covered in this chapter Concurrency control [See Chapter 6] Transaction control [See Chapter 6] IST2104

5. SQL for Data Definition The SQL data definition statements include –CREATE To create database objects –ALTER To modify the structure and/or characteristics of database objects –DROP To delete database objects IST2105

6. Running Example DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName, BudgetCode, OfficeNumber, Phone) EMPLOYEE(EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone, Email) PROJECT(ProjectID, ProjectName, Department, MaxHours, StartDate, EndDate) ASSIGNMENT(ProjectID, EmployeeNumber, HoursWorked) IST2106

7. Running Example IST2107

8. Running Example (cont.) IST2108

9. Create DEPARTMENT IST2109 NOT NULL: null values are NOT allowed If this attribute must have value, use NOT NULL By default, we allow NULL values unless the variable is a primary key Primary key: DepartmentName is a primary key Char(35) a string with length up to 35

10. Data Types IST21010

11. Create EMPLOYEE Table IST21011 Define Foreign Key IDENTITY(x,y): Surrogate key. Start from x, increment by y Allow NULL values Can be omitted UNIQUE: requires unique value for Email Default value for Department Varchar(100) and Char(100) both defines a string with length up to 35 Varchar(35) the storage is the actual length Char(35) the storage is fixed 35

12. Referential Integrity Two operations in the main table: –UPDATE –DELETE Two corresponding operations in the foreign key table: –CASCADE Affect the primary key as well as the foreign keys –NO ACTION (by default) Cannot be changed/deleted unless a record is NOT referred by any other table at all IST21012

13. UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION IST21013 Update “Human Resources” to “HR” CASCADE NO ACTION Error message! The operation is NOT allowed! (But it is fine to change the name of Accounting, because no Employee belongs to department Accounting.) Original data

14. DELETE CASCADE/NO ACTION IST21014 Delete “Human Resources” CASCADE NO ACTION Error message! The operation is NOT allowed! (But it is fine to delete Accounting, because no Employee belongs to department Accounting.) Original data Julie is deleted!!!

15. Connect to your SQL Server Log on an IST Windows machine –If not in the lab, use remote desktop https://www.up.ist.psu.edu/vlabs/ Run the SQL Server application –Start  Application Development and Management  Microsoft SQL Server 2014  SQL Server 2014 Management Studio Parameters –Server Type: Database Engine –Server Name: upsql –Authentication: Windows Authentication –Alternate Authentication (connect to the same database): SQL Server Authentication Get your SQL account: https://www.up.ist.psu.edu/db/mssql.php https://www.up.ist.psu.edu/db/mssql.php Hit “Connect” Navigate to your own database under the Databases folder (IMPORTANT!!!) –Your database name is your PSU ID IST21015

16. Create a Table in SQL Server Click “New Query” on the upper-left corner Copy & Paste script in the next slide Click “Execute” IST21016 Your PSU ID

17. IST21017 CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DepartmentNameChar(35)NOT NULLPRIMARY KEY, BudgetCodeChar(30)NOT NULL, OfficeNumberChar(15)NOT NULL, PhoneChar(12)NOT NULL ); View the Result Right click Tables Click “Refresh” You should see “Department” table

18. IST21018 CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EmployeeNumberInt NOT NULL IDENTITY (1, 1) PRIMARY KEY, FirstNameChar(25) NOT NULL, LastName Char(25) NOT NULL, DepartmentChar(35)NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Human Resources', PhoneChar(12)NULL, Email VarChar(100)NOT NULL UNIQUE, CONSTRAINT EMP_DEPART_FKFOREIGN KEY(Department) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName) ON UPDATE CASCADE ); Copy and paste the SQL script Select only the new script you just pasted and click Execute

19. In-class exercise: Create PROJECT Table IST21019 Requirements: ProjectID is a surrogate key, starting from 1000, increment 100 Use Numeric(8,2) for MaxHours, which means 8 decimal digits, and 2 decimal digits to the right of the decimal point. E.g.: 12345678.21 Set MaxHours as 100 by default Use DateTime for StartDate and EndDate Make Update Cascade and Delete No Action

20. Create Assignment Table IST21020 A composite primary key

21. IST21021 CREATE TABLE ASSIGNMENT ( ProjectIDInt NOT NULL, EmployeeNumberInt NOT NULL, HoursWorkedNumeric(6,2)NULL, CONSTRAINT ASSIGNMENT_PK PRIMARY KEY (ProjectID, EmployeeNumber), CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_PROJ_FK FOREIGN KEY (ProjectID) REFERENCES PROJECT (ProjectID) ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE CASCADE, CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_EMP_FK FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeNumber) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber) ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION );

22. Order to Create Tables IST21022 ASSIGNMENT is dependent on PROJECT and EMPLOYEE PROJECT is dependent on DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE is dependent on DEPARTMENT So we need to create DEPARTMENT first; then EMPLOYEE and PROJECT; Lastly, ASSIGNMENT

23. Insert Data to Department Table IST21023 One to one mapping INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Administration', 'BC-100-10', 'BLDG01-300', '360-285-8100');

24. Insert Data to Department Table IST21024 INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Legal', 'BC-200-10', 'BLDG01-200', '360-285-8200'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Accounting', 'BC-300-10', 'BLDG01-100', '360-285-8300'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Finance', 'BC-400-10', 'BLDG01-140', '360-285-8400'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Human Resources', 'BC-500-10', 'BLDG01-180', '360-285- 8500'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Production', 'BC-600-10', 'BLDG02-100', '360-287-8600'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Marketing', 'BC-700-10', 'BLDG02-200', '360-287-8700'); INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('InfoSystems', 'BC-800-10', 'BLDG02-270', '360-287-8800');

25. View the Result (Software) IST21025

26. Insert Data to Employee Table IST21026 EmployeeNumber is a surrogate key, no need to insert EmployeeNumber Department is a foreign key, so we need to make sure it does exist in the DEPARTMENT table INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Mary', 'Jacobs', 'Administration', '360-285-8110', 'Mary.Jacobs@WPC.com');

27. Insert Data to Employee Table IST21027 What if no phone number information for this employee? (When we define EMPLOYEE table, we allow phone number to be NULL) We need to specify the table and corresponding columns INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FirstName, LastName, Department, Email) VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', 'James.Nestor@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', NULL, 'James.Nestor@WPC.com'); OR

28. Insert Data to Employee Table IST21028 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Rosalie', 'Jackson', 'Administration', '360-285-8120', 'Rosalie.Jackson@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Richard', 'Bandalone', 'Legal', '360-285-8210', 'Richard.Bandalone@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Tom', 'Caruthers', 'Accounting', '360-285-8310', 'Tom.Caruthers@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Heather', 'Jones', 'Accounting', '360-285-8320', 'Heather.Jones@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Mary', 'Abernathy', 'Finance', '360-285-8410', 'Mary.Abernathy@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'George', 'Smith', 'Human Resources', '360-285-8510', 'George.Smith@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Tom', 'Jackson', 'Production', '360-287-8610', 'Tom.Jackson@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'George', 'Jones', 'Production', '360-287-8620', 'George.Jones@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Ken', 'Numoto', 'Marketing', '360-287-8710', 'Ken.Mumoto@WPC.com'); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES( 'Rick', 'Brown', 'InfoSystems', '360-287-8820', 'Rick.Brown@WPC.com');

29. In-Class Exercise: Insert Data to Project Table IST21029

30. Drop Tables IST21030 Wrong order!!! Employee is dependent on Department Must delete Employee before deleting Department Correct order! The reverse order of the order we create these tables

31. Edit Data (Software) IST21031 See the effects of DELETE/UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION

32. Delete Data (Software) IST21032 See the effects of DELETE/UPDATE CASCADE/NO ACTION

33. Delete Table (Software) IST21033 Caution! All data in that table will be deleted!

34. Assignment 3-1 Assignment 3 is divided into two parts Part 1 (40 points) is on course website now, and is due in a week (no late submission!) How to access SQL? –Come and work in the classroom –Use remote desktop (if working outside of IST) https://www.up.ist.psu.edu/vlabs/ Requires SQL programming, so start early! IST21034