1. COMPARATIVE MYTHS 1 ANATOLIA AND CANAAN

2. MESOPOTAMIAANATOLIASYRIA-PALESTINE 3000-2000Sumerian (3000-2000) Akkadian (2300-2100) 2000-1000 Babylonian (2000-1100) Assyrian (1900-1000) Hurrian (1700-1200) Hittite (1700-1200) Canaanite (2000-1200) Israelite (1200-721) 1000-500Neo-Assyrian (800-500) Neo-Babylonian (600-500)

5. Kingship in Heaven + Song of Ullikummi

6. Hittite Kingship in Heaven + Song of Ullikummi

7. Teshub & Ullikummi

9. Enuma Elish (Babylonian, early 2 nd millennium) Kingship in Heaven + Song of Ullikummi (Hittite, ca. 1200) primal fatherApsuAnu(sh) castrator{Ea}Kumarbi storm godMardukTeshub primal monsterTiamatUllikummi / Ubelluri

10. Combat Myths Enuma Elish (Babylonian) Tiamat gives Tablet of Destinies to Qingu Tiamat & Qingu = dragonlike water monsters Marduk = young son of high god (Ea) Marduk = storm god Marduk experiences failure (will) Marduk uses wind + arrow to split Tiamat Marduk acquires Tablet of Destinies

11. Combat Myths Enuma Elish (Babylonian) Ullikummi (Hittite) Tiamat gives Tablet of Destinies to Qingu Tiamat & Qingu = dragonlike water monsters Ullikummi = dragonlike water monster Marduk = young son of high god (Ea) Teshub = young son of high god (Kumarbi) Marduk = storm godTeshub = storm god Marduk experiences failure (will) Teshub experiences failure (weapon) Marduk uses wind + arrow to split Tiamat Teshub uses curved knife to split Ullikummi from Ubelluri Marduk acquires Tablet of Destinies Teshub becomes king of gods

12. Hittite Myth of Illuyankas Teshub is defeated by the dragon Illuyankas, and appeals to the other gods for help. The goddess Inaras invites a mortal named Hupasiyas to help her in a plot against Illuyankas; he agrees on condition that Inaras sleep with him. Hupasiyas then hides near Illuyankas’ lair, while Inaras intices the dragon and its family from the cave to drink with her. When Illuyankas is drunk, Hupasiyas emerges from his hiding place and binds it; Teshub and the other gods then come and kill the dragon. [ALTERNATE VERSION] When Illuyankas defeats Teshub, it removes his heart and eyes. Teshub then marries the daughter of a poor man and has a son by him. When he grows up, the son is married to the daughter of the dragon Illuyankas; the son then steals the heart and eyes of Teshub from his new father-in-law and gives them back to Teshub. Teshub then fights the dragon and kills both it and also his own son.

13. Combat Myths Enuma Elish (Babylonian) Ullikummi (Hittite) Illuyankas (Hittite) Tiamat gives Tablet of Destinies to Qingu Tiamat & Qingu = dragonlike water monsters Ullikummi = dragonlike water monster Illuyankas = dragonlike water monster Marduk = young son of high god (Ea) Teshub = young son of high god (Kumarbi) Marduk = storm godTeshub = storm god Marduk experiences failure (will) Teshub experiences failure (weapon) Teshub experiences failure (defeat) Marduk uses wind + arrow to split Tiamat Teshub uses curved knife to split Ullikummi from Ubelluri Teshub defeats Illuyankas Marduk acquires Tablet of Destinies Teshub becomes king of gods Teshub is supreme god

14. MESOPOTAMIAANATOLIASYRIA-PALESTINE 3000-2000Sumerian (3000-2000) Akkadian (2300-2100) 2000-1000 Babylonian (2000-1100) Assyrian (1900-1000) Hurrian (1700-1200) Hittite (1700-1200) Canaanite (2000-1200) Israelite (1200-721) 1000-500Neo-Assyrian (800-500) Neo-Babylonian (600-500)

15. Canaanite Kingdom

17. Baal

20. Myths of Baal Yam-Nahar, god of seas and rivers, sends envoys to the gods demanding that Baal, son of Dagon, be surrendered to him. The gods acquiesce, but Baal attacks the messengers. The god of crafts, Kothar-wa-Hasis, arms Baal with two magic weapons. The first one ("Chaser") is not effective, but with the second ("Driver"), Baal succeeds in defeating Yam-Nahar. He then spares his life on the insistence of Asherah, wife of the great god El and mother of the gods. The goddess Anat, Baal's sister, invites the gods to a feast celebrating Baal's victory over Yam-Nahar. When the guests arrive, she locks the doors and slaughters all of Baal's enemies.

21. Combat Myths Enuma Elish (Babylonian) Ullikummi (Hittite) Illuyankas (Hittite) Baal & Yam-Nahar (Canaanite) Tiamat gives Tablet of Destinies to Qingu Tiamat & Qingu = dragonlike water monsters Ullikummi = dragonlike water monster Illuyankas = dragonlike water monster Yam-Nahar = dragonlike god of salt water Marduk = young son of high god (Ea) Teshub = young son of high god (Kumarbi) Baal = young son of high god (Baal) Marduk = storm godTeshub = storm god Baal = storm god Marduk experiences failure (will) Teshub experiences failure (weapon) Teshub experiences failure (defeat) Baal experiences failure (weapon) Marduk uses wind + arrow to split Tiamat Teshub uses curved knife to split Ullikummi from Ubelluri Teshub defeats IlluyankasBaal uses special weapon (“Driver”) to defeat Yam- Nahar Marduk acquires Tablet of Destinies Teshub becomes king of gods Teshub is supreme god

22. Absence & Return 1. Anat and Baal (Canaanite) Anat and Baal bribe Asherah to intercede with El, father of the gods, to gain permission for Baal to build a house. El grants it, and Kothar-wa-Hasis creates a palace for him. Baal initially rejects Kothar-wa-Hasis’ advice that the building contain a window, then later relents. At the feast celebrating the construction of the house, Baal announces his supremacy and declares he will not send tribute to Mot, god of death. Mot declares that Baal's defeat of Yam-Nahar — identified with the monster Lotan — has caused the universe to collapse, and that as punishment Baal must descend to the underworld. Baal surrenders to Mot, passing into the underworld after first having prolonged intercourse with a heifer. The gods mourn Baal's death; his body is found and buried by his sisters Anat and Shapash, goddess of the sun. Asherah installs her son Ashtar in Baal's place, but he is too small for the throne and steps down. Seven years of drought and famine ensue, after which Anat attacks Mot, splits him, winnows him, burns him, grinds him, and sows him into the ground. El dreams that Baal is now alive, and the goddesses Anat and Shapash go in search of him. Once found, Baal reascends the throne. Seven years later, Mot returns and fights with Baal. They battle to a stalemate; Shapash intervenes to separate them. 2. Baal-Hadad (Canaanite) Asherah and the moon god, Yarikh, complain to El that Baal-Hadad ('Baal the Thunderer') has sent creatures to devour them. El advises them to hide in the wilderness and give birth there to wild beats with humps and horns. Baal-Hadad chases the beasts instead of the two gods, but in the course of the hunt he is caught by monsters and disappears for seven years, during which time things fall into chaos on earth. Baal-Hadad's family go in search of him and recover him with joy.

23. Absence & Return Myth of Telepinus (Hittite) Enraged, the god Telepinus (son of Teshub) journeys into the steppes and becomes lost, then is overcome with fatigue and falls asleep. In his absence, fog covers the land, fires cannot be lit, nothing burns on altars of the gods, animals neglect their young, and human beings perish from drought and famine. Teshub searches for his son. The sun god sends an eagle to look for him, but with no success. Teshub attempts to break into Telepinus’ house, but succeeds only in smashing his hammer against the door. The goddess Hannahannas sends a bee to search for Telepinus, despite the fact that Teshub ridicules her idea. The bee finds the sleeping Telepinus and (on Hannahannas’ orders) stings his hands and feet, and then smears wax on them. Telepinus wakes, but is now even more enraged than before. The sun god suggests that a man be brought to help move Telepinus... [break in the text] Telepinus returns, carried by an eagle, and is soothed by Kamrusepas, goddess of healing. Twelve rams are sacrificed, and torches kindled and extinguished by the man. The man then pronounces a spell banishing to the underworld all the evils caused by the rage of Telepinus. Telepinus returns to his house and takes care of the king and queen. A pole is erected before the god, on which the fleece of a sheep is hung. The fleece signifies the fat of sheep, grains of corn, wine, cattle, sheep, long life, and many children.

24. Absence & Return God disappears Search conducted Disorder (drought, famine) ensue Rituals performed Recovery of lost god Restoration of order