2.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKiQA5 e-fPg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKiQA5 e-fPg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKiQA5 e-fPg Mythbusters de-bunk the sneeze http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoEqPnx7-Gs&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzRH3iTQPrk

3. Respiratory System

4. Respiration  The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.  3 basic processes: 1.Pulmonary ventilation-inspiration/expiration 2.External respiration-lungs/blood 3.Internal respiration-blood/cells

5. Upper respiratory system  Nose  Pharynx  Associated structures

6. Lower respiratory system  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs

7. Conducting Portion  Conduct air into the lungs:  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal bronchioles

8. Respiratory Portion  Site of gas exchange.  Bronchioles  Alveolar ducts  Alveolar sacs  Alveoli

9. Medicinal Fields  Otorhinolaryngology- commonly known as ear, nose, and throat specialist.  Pulmonologist- dealing with diseases of the lungs.

10. Anatomy

11. Anatomy- MRI

12. Ian and Sukhman

15. Nose  External nares or nostrils- bone, cartilage and mucous membrane  Internal nares- connects external portion with the pharynx  Nasal septum- perpendicular plate divides rt/lt sides ( ethmoid bone,vomer, and cartilage)  Conchae(turbinates) superior,middle,inferior- increase surface are for: warming, cleansing, and moistening

16. Nasal Cavity

17. Pharynx  Also known as the throat  Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane  Nasopharynx- uppermost portion, hold adenoids, connects to Eustachian tubes ( equalize air pressure ), psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.  Oropharynx- middle portion, fauces (opening from the mouth), nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, both air + food  Laryngopharynx- lowest portion, connects to esophagus and the larynx, nonkeratinized stratified squamous, both air + food

18. Larynx  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf- RwLcs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf- RwLcs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf- RwLcs  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejVQEF bIfmI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejVQEF bIfmI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejVQEF bIfmI  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpt0kig akWY&feature=fvwp&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpt0kig akWY&feature=fvwp&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpt0kig akWY&feature=fvwp&NR=1

19. Larynx  Also known as voice box anterior to the C4-C6, connects the pharynx to the trachea  Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage  Thyroid cart. (Adam’s apple)- hyaline cart., forms front wall.  Epiglottis- elastic cart. Detours food and liquid into the esophagus.  Cricoid cart. Ring of hyaline cart. Attached to the first ring of cart. the top of the trachea

20. Larynx

21. LARYNX

22. Larynx

23. Larynx cont.  Arytenoid cart.- superior to the circoid, mostly hyaline, attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles.  False vocal cords- upper pair of folds in the mucous membrane of the larynx, do not produce sound.  True vocal cords- lower pair, produce sound.  Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx, interferes with the contraction of the cords. Can be acute or chronic

24. Trachea  Also known as windpipe  Connects larynx to primary bronchi  Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells.  cilia moves trapped particles upward  Cartilage layer- 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cart.  Tracheostomy  Intubation

25. Tracheostomy and Intubation

26. Trachea

27. Bronchi  Rt. + Lt. Primary Bronchus connect the trachea to the lungs.  Rt. side is shorter and more vertical  Incomplete rings of cart. lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.  Divide into secondary bronchi, which divide into tertiary bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which divide into terminal bronchioles(all make up the bronchial tree)

28. Bronchial tree

29. Bronchi cont.  Changes as the braching becomes more extensive:  1. rings of cart. are replaced with strips  2. strips of cart. disappear  3. amount of smooth muscle increases  4. epithelium becomes nonciliated cuboidal and later simple squamous at the terminal bronchioles.

30. Regulation of Bronchi  Parasympathetic and mediators of allergic reactions like histamine cause bronchiole constriction.  Sympathetic and epinephrine cause bronchiole dilation.  Asthma attack- bronchial smooth muscle spasm.

31. Lungs  Paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.  Surrounded by a pleural membrane  Parietal-attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity  Visceral- attached to the surface of the lung  Pleural cavity- space between the 2 linings  Pleurisy- inflammation of the pleural membrane

32. Lungs Anatomy  Base- bottom  Apex- top  Cardiac notch- concavity in left lung  Right side is thicker, broader, and shorter  Lobes in lungs divided by fissures  Left- oblique fissure  Right- oblique and horizontal  Each lobe receives it’s own secondary bronchus.  Left-superior and inferior bronchus  Right- superior, middle, and inferior bronchus

33. Lobules  Lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments supplied by it’s own tertiary bronchus.  Each of these segments is divided into small compartments- lobules.  Lobules each contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a terminal bronchiole wrapped in connective tissue

34. 25 levels of branching  Trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles- alveolar ducts-.

35. Alveoli

36. Lungs Gross Anatomy  Base- bottom  Apex- narrow top portion

37. Spirometers

38. Pulmonary Volumes

39. Emphysemas

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41. Alveolus  Alveolus- cup shaped projection  Alveolar sacs- 2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening.  Made up of 2 types of epithelial cells  1. Squamous pulmonary epithelial cells- simple squamous, sight of gas exchange.  2. Septal cells- rounded or cuboidal cells that produce a phospholipid substance called= surfactant.  * also include alveolar macrophages which remove dust particles and debris.

42. Pulmonary Ventilation  Breathing  Normal breathing=eupnea  Gas exchange between atmosphere and the alveoli.  All about pressure.

43. Inspiration  Inhalation  1 atmosphere = 760 mm of Hg (at sea level)  Boyle’s Law= the volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure

44. Pulmonary Ventilation

45. Muscles in Inhalation  Diaphragm- decreases pressure in the lungs.  External intercostals- elevate ribs  Accessory muscles: only play a role in labored inhalation  Sternocleidomastoid=elevate the sternum  Scalene muscles= elevate the first 2 ribs  Pectoralis minor= elevate the 3 rd -5 th ribs

46. Muscles in Exhalation  Diaphragm and external intercostals relax.  During forceful exhalation the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract.