1. STEP PYRAMIDS
King Zoser’s architect Imhotep created the first Step Pyramid at Saqqara
Significance: First known architect. Rise of large architecture for an individual not a group.
Vertical shaft leads to burial chamber
“stage set” for the afterlife
Came before the geometric pyramid
B.C, mud brick and stone, Limestone exterior

2. Great Pyramids Khufu: Largest Khafre: sON Menkaure: grandson
Queens’ pyramids
Khufu, or Cheops, built his pyramid on the Giza plateau, where he found firm bedrock and a convenient limestone quarry. His pyramid is a work of astonishing size and precision, standing 481ft (146.6m) high, with a slope of 51 degrees 50'. Its sides vary by less than 1.9ft (58cm) and are orientated almost exactly true north. Its base is almost completely level.

3. Great Sphinx of Giza
constructed (subtractive sculpture) from sandstone between 2520 and 2494 BCE: largest monolith structure in the world (LIVING ROCK)
stands 66 ft high, 240 ft long, and 20 ft wide
composite figure – human head, lion body
built by the pharaoh Khafre --- the Great Sphinx is also thought to be a depiction of Khafre himself (Sphinx faces the rising sun, which is a sign of the pharaoh; Sphinx also guards Khafre’s pyramid and is wearing the pharaoh’s trapezoidal crown)

4. Statue of Khafre Giza, c. 2520 – 2494 BCE, carved diorite
sculpture in the round, 1.68 m high
Position sitting in thrown are conventions showing power: erect posture, both hands on lap, right hand in fist, left hand flat
Carved on the throne are lions as the king’s guardians and Horus protects the king’s head
Khafre was an Egyptian pharaoh during the 4th dynasty

5. Menkaure and Queen
Found in the Valley Temple of the pyramid of Menkaure at Giza
Menkaure is portrayed in the typical Egyptian pose - arms stiff, left leg extended forward, hands in fists (meant to look assertive and show power)
Meant to represent the ideal of masculine beauty
Body is naturalistic
His face is stylized to look like a portrait
Beard and headdress show that he is a pharaoh
Knees on both figures are over exaggerated
Queen is often identified as Khamerernebty II
Queen is shown in a more naturalistic way
She wears a long, fitted garment meant to show off her body
4 ft, 8 in. high, Slate, BCE

6. Menkaure and Queen His face is stylized to look like a portrait
Beard and headdress show that he is a pharaoh
Knees on both figures are over exaggerated
Queen is often identified as Khamerernebty II
Queen is shown in a more naturalistic way
She wears a long, fitted garment meant to show off her body

7. Prince Rahotep and Wife Nofret
c b.c.e.
Painted limestone
3ft and 11 ¾ inches tall ( 1.2 meters)
Eyes are inlaid with rock crystal
Facial features, Nofret’s necklace and headband are painted
The difference in the skin tones is related to the difference between the two sex’s

8. SEATED SCRIBE From Saqqara, Conventional scribe pose (cross legged)
Papyrus scroll
Naturalistic roll of fat
Lifelike eyes
Portrait – not stylized like a pharoah
High status- had his own tomb
Scribes= well educated
2551 BCE, painted Limestone

9. Lady Senuwy c. 1971 – 1926 B.C. This statue is made of black granite.
She stands at 66 inches high.
Inscribed on the sides and base of the chair are hieroglyphic texts declaring that she is venerated in the presence of Osiris and other deities associated with the afterlife.
Senuwy sits poised and attentive on a solid, blocklike chair, with her left hand resting flat on her lap and her right hand holding a lotus blossom, a symbol of rebirth. 9

10. Sesotris I c. 1971-1926 b.c. From Lisht, Twelfth Dynasty
Carved in wood.
painted with stucco
in the round
Wears the conical white crown of Upper Egypt (Hedjet), the other figure wears the red crown of Lower Egypt.
Less imposing then the Old Kingdom images of Khafre and Menkaure.

11. Painted Coffin of Djehutynekht
BCE, Cedar
~115 by 263 cm.
~items depicted are items needed in afterlife- matched the items found inside the coffin
~hieroglyphics at top
~eyes are the eyes of Horus, the falcon god, represented a guardian
~door underneath eyes represents door between spirit worlds, the living and the dead, was a way for the Prince’s ka (spirit) to travel

12. Hypostyle Hall Temple of Amon-Ra Karnak, Egypt
Central Columns seem to grow upward and outward, like a lotus blossom.
Shafts of columns are covered in painted low relief scenes and hieroglyphics.
These Columns were massive in size ( the shaft of the columns would reach the average humans waist

13. Pylon Façade (Benben Stone)
The pylon, or entryway, is usually the largest part of a temple
This temple, Luxor, is 213 feet wide, and was built during the reign of King Ramses II
This temple only has one obelisk, while most others have two on the exterior
Egyptians believed that obelisks symbolized the sun god, Ra
The pyramidion was sometimes capped with copper and other metals to catch the sun

14. Hatshepsut I C. 1473-1458 Carved granite, 7’11”
Currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Famous as being the only queen of Egypt
Not truly the only queen, just the most famous and longest ruling
Referred to herself as the Female Horus
Often represented as a man, showing her attempt at disguising her true gender
In this statue, she is standing erect as in the typical power pose, and wears a traditional headdress and beard
Sometimes shown seated
It is not believed she wore this ‘disguise’ daily, but only in official affairs where many people might notice her

15. Funerary Temple of HatshepsutBC
Continued being built in BC
Was vandalized, rebuilt after vandalism in BC
One of the most characteristic temples in Egypt
Built for the Queen Hatshepsut
Used to worship the King Curing his lifetime and after his death
3 terraces- linked by temples
North side- scene representing the Queen
South- shrine of the goddess Hathor
Made out of sandstone, rock, and limestone

16. Senenmut and Nefrura (Granite) 1473 – 1458 BCE
24 in. high
Senenmut was not royal, but was an architect for Hatshepsut
Senenmut appears protective of the young princess (Nefrura is Hatshepsut's daughter)
Senenmut had a close relationship with the pharaoh, judging from this sculpture

17. Nebamun Hunting Birds
completed on gypsum plaster (naturalistic mural), somewhere between 1390 and 1352 BCE
found in the tomb of Nebamun in Thebes, Egypt, the painting depicts Nebamun, a New Kingdom official, hunting birds with his wife and daughter
this mural uses many standard Egyptian artistic conventions
head and legs are in profile while the torso and eyes are frontal
wife and daughter are smaller and less erect than Nebamun
increased naturalism of figures with lower rank (see wife and daughter)
hierarchical order --- Nebamun is huge and importance indicates size and centrality in the painting
evidence of attempting to show VOLUME in shallow space

18. Opening of the mouth ceremony
A ritual described in funerary texts
Involved the opening of a mummy’s mouth to allow it to speak, breathe, eat, and drink.
Egyptians believed that to survive in the afterlife, a person needed food and water
Painted on papyrus with various metal pigments and casein (milk-based binder)
A priest in a leopard print, two priests, two female mourners, and Anubis, the god of tombs and embalming, perform the Opening of the mouth ceremony
New Kingdom, Nineteench Dynasty, c BCE
Found in the Book of Dead of Hunefer

19. AKHENATEN Karnak, Egypt, 1353-1350 b.c. Sandstone 13 ft high
Son of Amenhotep III and his principle wife Tiy.
Amenhotep III ruled egypt for 38 years
Unusual, slightly deformed features
thought to have suffered from acromegaly; overactive pituitary gland.
Holds a crook and flail; attributes of Osiris and of Egyptian royalty.
Wears the combined hedjet and deshret crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Carved into his lower body; cartouches.
Often showed himself as a priest of Aten.

20. Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their daughters.
House altar.
Made of limestone.
From the New kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, 1350 BCE.
Akhenaten and Nefertiti are stylized. Ex: Larger nose, belly roll, skinny arms.
Daughters are shown with adult characteristics other than child like.

21. Bust of Nefertiti ~Limestone subtractive sculpture- portrait
~Attributed to sculptor Thutmose
~Shows understanding Egyptians had of proportional facial structure
~wife of King Akhenaten
~believed to have almost as much of an influence as her husband
~other sculpture has been found
inside bust- this one with less striking cheekbones and more wrinkles- scholars believe Akhenaten had his wife “airbrushed” to look how he saw her, though Nerfertiti was said to be known for her beauty
BCE, Painted Limestone, 19in

22. Mask of Tutankhamon C. 1327 B.C.
The mask is made of gold inlaid with enamel and semiprecious stones.
It stands at 21 inches high.
The emblems on the forehead (vulture and cobra) and on the shoulders (falcon heads) were symbols of the Two Lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and of divine authority.
The vulture Nekhbet and the cobra Wadjet protected the pharaoh.
In ancient Egypt the vulture is considered to be nearer to God who is believed to reside above the sky.
The ancient Egyptians worshipped the cobra and used it as a protective symbol on the crown of the pharaohs. 22

23. Nubian Fresco
Only part of the fresco is shown here, much larger when shown fully
Tutankhamen was in rule at this time
The local prince, Heqanufer, is bowing to the pharaoh and a princess is following in an oxen drawn chariot
The Nubians had many resources that the Egyptians wanted, such as gold
People in the painting are bringing said gold to the pharaoh
The Nubians adopted many ways of culture from the Egyptians
Painted in the tomb of Huy, Nubia’s viceroy under Tutankhamen C
Wall painting in the tomb chapel of Huy, Thebes, Egypt
Currently located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

24. Temple of Ramses II 1290-1224 BCE Rock-cut temple
Located in the Ancient Wawat
Dedicated to the most important Gods of the New Kingdom
All of them have hands on their thighs
Second statue on the left is broken, head and trunk are located on the floor
Graffiti is written on the legs
Small sculptures are located between the legs and the base-represent members of the royal family
Temple of Ramses II