1. Motivation & Emotion Chapter 10:

2. Motivation & Emotion Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goaldirected behavior Drive theories – engaging in activities that reduce tension, seeking homeostasis (internal/push) Incentive theories – engage in activities based on external stimuli (pull) -Expectancy Value Model before engaging in behavior (1) expectancy about the chance you will succeed (2) is it worth it (value) Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success Biological Motives- bodily needs (limited) Social Motives-originate in social experience (unlimited)

3. Motivation & Emotion Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives

4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Motivation & Emotion Brain regulation –Lateral hypothalamus (LH) when lesioned no interest in eating –Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) when lesioned could not stop eating –Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neural circuits pass through hypothalamus (most modern view) Glucose and digestive regulation –Glucose comes from food & circulates in the blood (energy) –Glucostatic theory Low levels=hunger High levels=full Hormonal regulation –Insulin extracts glucose from blood (low= diabetes high=hunger) –Leptin produced by fat cells (high=full)

5. Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus Motivation & Emotion

6. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits –Exposure –When, as well as what Food-related cues –Appearance, odor, effort required Stress –Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating Motivation & Emotion

7. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Obesity body fat exceeding 20% (US 31%men 35% woman) BMI weight /height squared (over 30 is obese) Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition there is a genetic vulnerability to obesity –Body Mass Index and adoption study –Excessive eating & inadequate exercise The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint Motivation & Emotion

8. Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight Motivation & Emotion

9. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation-Gonads –Estrogens (Females/Ovaries) –Androgens AKA Testosterone (Males/Testes) * Testosterone are related to sexual motivation in both sexes *Drugs lower testosterone and reduce sexual desire Erotic materials - Exposure to material elevates the likelihood of sexual behavior for a few hours. (study) *It can alter attitudes that can influence behavior. It can make people feel dissatisfied with own sexual interactions. Aggressive porn perpetuates the myth that women enjoy being raped or ravaged. *¼ of young women in US are victims or rape or attempted rape. Most common is date rape 1 in 7 college women reported being a victim. 1 in 12 admitted to have forced sex or tried (but they don’t identify themselves as being a rapist) Motivation & Emotion

10. Figure 10.6 Rape victim-offender relationships Motivation & Emotion

11. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Attraction to a Partner The Coolidge effect- New partners can revive sexual interest (males) Evolutionary factors –Parental Investment Theory Mating depends on what each sex has to invest (time, energy, survival) to produce offspring. *The sex that has the least investment will compete, the sex that has the biggest investment will be more discrimination. *Males will show more interest and have more desire for variety of partners. Females are more conservative and more selective. Females have demanded long term comments before consenting to sex. *Evolutionary Theories predicts that Men places more emphasis on youth & attractiveness. Women place more on material resources and protect. (not conscious)

12. Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and mating preferences Motivation & Emotion

13. Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people think about sex Motivation & Emotion

14. Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects Motivation & Emotion

15. Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness Motivation & Emotion

16. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual (10%) –A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality –Environmental. *Freudians believes that males become gay because of poor heterosexual role model (lack of). *Behaviorist. Learn through stimuli and paired with sexual arousal. *Extremely feminine behavior in males (75%-90%) or masculine behavior in females dose predict homosexuality. –Biological. *Studies: 52% of identical twin & 22% of fraternal twins. There is a predisposition. *One study: Anterior Hypothalamus is half the size in gay men. *Prenatal Development: Hormonal secretion during critical periods can influence sexual orientation. (DES, reduces miscarriages) (adrenal disorders) –Interactionist.

17. Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum Motivation & Emotion

18. Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality? Motivation & Emotion

19. Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation Motivation & Emotion

20. The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: –Excitement. Escalates rapidly in both sexes (muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure) *Vasocongestion. Engorgement of blood vessels (males produce penile erection swollen test, females produce swelling of clitoris expansion of vaginal lips and lubrication) –Plateau. Arousal continues but more slowly (males secrete a little fluid and erections fluctuates, females vaginal tightens clitoris withdrawals and lubrication changes) –Orgasm. The peak of sexual arousal & discharged in muscle contractions in pelvic. (males seminal fluid, women multiorgasmic) –Resolution. Males Refractory period unresponsive time increases with age. Motivation & Emotion

21. Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle Motivation & Emotion

22. Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency Motivation & Emotion

23. Affiliation Motives Affiliation Motive- The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds. (Companionship, friendship and love) –Evolution. Survival and reproductive benefits. Quality of personal relationships equal happiness Rejection triggers negative emotions (anxiety, jealousy, depression) TAT Thematic Apperception Test- ambiguous stimuli subjects have to explain the scenes and what they feel. (Strong Affiliation scores worry more) Motivation & Emotion

24. Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel –Work harder and more persistently –Delay gratification –Pursue competitive careers –Situational influences on achievement motives –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) High Level of Achievement- Select tasks of intermediate difficulty. Fear of Failure Situational Determinants-Atkinson theorized the tendency to pursue a situation depends on: 1)strength of motivation to achieve 2)the probability of success 3)the rewards Motivation & Emotion

25. The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component of feeling –Subjective conscious experience, mixed emotions –Positive psychology. We focus on negative b/c it has more powerful effects. Physiological component linked to emotion –Bodily (autonomic) arousal –Galvanic Skin Response (sweat) –Polygraph (detects anxiety) not reliable –Amygdala Behavioral component –Characteristic overt expressions (body language) –Facial expression are biological (blind people) Motivation & Emotion

26. Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear Motivation & Emotion

27. Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions Motivation & Emotion

28. Theories of Emotion James-Lange –Feel afraid because pulse is racing. Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. Cannon-Bard –Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory –Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories –Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation Motivation & Emotion

29. Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion Motivation & Emotion

30. Figure 10.24 Primary emotions Motivation & Emotion

31. Happiness Common sense notions incorrect –Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated –Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated –Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated Subjective rather than objective reality important Motivation & Emotion

32. Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations Motivation & Emotion

33. Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness Motivation & Emotion