1. Review of Long Bone Epiphysis- Enlarged area at end of bone, forms a joint with another bone Diaphysis- The shaft of the bone

2. Review of Long Bones Epiphyseal disk- Serve as the sight of bone growth Medullary cavity- stores yellow bone marrow Compact bone- provides strength Articular cartilage- Reduces friction between bones Spongy bone- stores red marrow Area of red marrow- produces red and white blood cells and platelets

3. Compare compact and spongy bone Porous Dense Compact bone, the outer surface of bones, is very hard and rigid, making it perfect for protection and resisting bending. Spongy bone is porous while maintaining strength and that allows the bone to weigh less than if it were solid and to store red marrow.

5. PERIOSTEUM Function Completely encloses the bones firmly attaches bone to ligaments and tendons helps form and repair bone tissue Definition: a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

6. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR NOTES

7. Formation, Growth and Repair of Bones Upload 7.08 Formation, Growth and Repair notes to eBackpack Learning Target: Explain how bones form, grow, and undergo repair. (reasoning)

8. Osteogenesis: Formation of Your Bones Compare the two types of bone formation. Endochondral Ossification

9. The cartilage or membranes are ultimately replaced with bone tissue. Ossification: The process of forming bone.

10. Endochondral Ossification Endo=within Chondral=cartilage What type of bone is this? A.Long B.Short C.Flat D.Irregular E.Sesamoid

11. Intramembranous bone Intra=within What type of bone is this? A.Long B.Short C.Flat D.Irregular E.Sesamoid

12. Formation begins with…. Intramembranous Flat bones are initially formed of connective tissue membranes. Endochondral Long bones are initially formed from a cartilage model

13. Blood supply? Why?

14. Results in compact bone? Results in spongy bone?

15. Growth of Long Bones Figure 6.8 Study the picture and then finish the notes.

16. Growth: Enlarging Your Bones Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs in cartilage structures called epiphyseal plates. –Epiphyseal plates are four-layered structures found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. –Epiphyseal plates are converted to bone following puberty, ending our ability to increase in height. Word bank: diaphysis, epiphyseal plates, epiphysis, puberty

17. Is this person done growing? How do you know?

18. Increasing Bone Diameter. As your bones lengthen, they must also increase in diameter. –They do this be increasing osteoblast activity in the periosteum. They must also increase the diameter of their medullary cavity. –They do this by increasing osteoclast activity in the endosteum. Word Bank: …blast, …clast, …cyte, ….progenitor

20. Remodeling: Keeping Your Bones New. Throughout life, we remodel bones to keep them new. Osteoclasts resorb bone matrix to make room for new matrix. Osteoprogenitor cells produce new osteoblasts Osteoblasts produce new bone matrix. Word bank: Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteoclasts

21. Remodeling Figure 6.10 Figure 6.9

22. Bone Disease: Osteoporosis Collagen framework and deposited minerals are broken down faster than they are formed normally The canals that connect the osteocytes become wider weakening the bone Compare normal bone and osteoporosis. What happens to the strength of the bone during osteoporosis?

23. Bone Disease: Sarcoma Bone cancer Osteosarcoma is the most common and occurs in long bones Chondrosarcoma occurs mainly in the pelvis, ribs and sternum

24. Osteochondroma What’s wrong with Curtis? Non- cancerous bone growth

25. Non-cancerous bone tumor After removal of a tumor on the femur, a 7 inch incision was made to insert stabilizing hardware.

26. Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis Infection of a bone, usually by bacteria Watch Amazing Medical Stories

27. Bone disease: Osteomalacia What do you notice in the X-ray? A loss of calcium and phosphorus, often as the result of vitamin D deficiency, can cause weak bones Known as rickets

28. Bone Fractures Depends on the direction and degree of force. Types -Simple- bone remains beneath the skin -Compound- bone projects above skin

29. What type is this?

30. Crushed Twisted Partial Angular to bone axis Right angle to bone axis

31. What’s wrong with Mitch Transverse fracture

32. Ryan Regeth What’s wrong? Broken clavicle at the acromion process

33. Zach Janczak What’s wrong? 4 th metacarpal

34. Alyssa Woo Stress Fracture: -tiny cracks in a bone -caused by the repetitive application of force, often by overuse -common in track athletes

35. Ms. Cerletty What’s wrong? Patellar ACL autograft, screw protruding from tibia after 22 years

36. Michael Mathwick Before surgery After surgery

37. What’s wrong? Note the bloody area on the bone. This is where a piece of the femur is missing.

38. Allograft from a cadaver

39. Repaired bone

40. Bone Repair 1 hour Several days 1-2 weeks 2-3 months A.Soft, spongy bone is deposited on the callus, blood vessels heal and grow across the break B.New compact bone replaces the callus, completing the repair C. Blood leaking from the site of injury rapidly forms a clot D. Fibroblasts form a callus. The callus gradually bridges the gap between the broken bone ends, replacing the clot