1. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-1

2. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-2 Anatomy and Physiology  Four basic properties of life Reception Reception ○ controls actions & responds to changes Metabolism Metabolism ○ Takes in & uses nutrients to produce energy & growth Reproduction Reproduction ○ reproduce offspring Organization Organization ○ Dividing into distinct parts to perform certain functions

3. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-3 Anatomy-study of structures  Organization of body structures on five levels: Cells: Cells: Tissues: Tissues: Organs: Organs: Body system: Body system: Organism: Organism:

4. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-4 Cell Structure  Major structures of a cell are called organelles Nucleus Nucleus ○ Controls activity of the cell ○ Directs reproduction ○ DNA Cytoplasm Cytoplasm ○ Semifluid material that surrounds cell parts ○ Transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell Mitochondria Mitochondria ○ Produce the energy used for cellular processes

5. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-5 Cell Structure Cell membrane Cell membrane ○ Surrounds the cell ○ Controls which substances enter and leave the cell Lysosomes Lysosomes ○ Help to break down, or digest, molecules Ribosomes Ribosomes ○ Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum ○ Work to produce protein for the cell structures Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus ○ Makes glycoproteins, which help transport proteins made by the ribosomes out of the cell

6. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-6 Structures of the Cell FIGURE 9-1 The structures of the cell. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

7. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-7 Homeostasis-maintain balance  Physiologic components  Gas exchange  pH values  Water and ion balance  Volume and pressure of fluid  Waste removal  Nutrient intake  Body temperature

8. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-8 Homeostasis and Body Systems

9. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-9 Electrolytes  Electrolytes are compounds made of charged particles called ions conduct electrical current in water or in cytoplasm of a cell conduct electrical current in water or in cytoplasm of a cell ○ Positive charge (cation) creates an acid ○ Negative charge (anion) creates a base  Different electrolytes have special functions.

10. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-10 Electrolytes of the Body

11. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-11 pH  a measurement of how much acid or base is present. Cells do not function properly if the normal pH is not maintained for that area of the body. Cells do not function properly if the normal pH is not maintained for that area of the body.

12. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-12 pH FIGURE 9-2 The body’s pH. The body must maintain normal pH levels to function properly.

13. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-13 Tissue Types  Four main tissue types Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue ○ Covers the body, forms glands, and lines the surfaces of cavities and organs Connective tissue Connective tissue ○ Formed by a protein ○ Includes soft tissues, such as fat and blood cells, and hard tissues, such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage

14. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-14 Tissue Types Muscle tissue Muscle tissue ○ Made of protein fibers ○ Has the unique property of shortening to produce movement Nervous tissue Nervous tissue ○ Composed largely of specialized cells called neurons

15. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-15 Body Systems  A body system is a group of related organs.  Body systems together accomplish functions necessary to maintain and support life.  There are 12 body systems.

16. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-16 Body Systems  Integumentary  Cardiovascular  Circulatory system  Respiratory  Muscular  Skeletal  Digestive  Urinary  Endocrine  Nervous  Sensory  Reproductive

17. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-17 Anatomic Position FIGURE 9-4 Anatomic position. (From Sorrentino S: Mosby’s text for nursing assistants, ed 7. St Louis, 2008, Mosby.)

18. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-18 Body Planes Coronal or frontal Coronal or frontal ○ Separates the front and back of the body Transverse Transverse ○ Divides the upper and lower body Sagittal Sagittal ○ Divides the body into right and left sides

19. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-19 Body Planes Inferior (below) Inferior (below) Superior (above) Superior (above) Medial (close to) Medial (close to) Lateral (away from) Lateral (away from) Anterior or ventral (in front of) Anterior or ventral (in front of) Posterior or dorsal (behind) Posterior or dorsal (behind) Proximal (close to) Proximal (close to) Distal (away from) Distal (away from)

20. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-20 Body Planes FIGURE 9-5 Body planes. A, Coronal. B, Transverse. C, Sagittal.

21. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-21 Body Cavities Thoracic Thoracic ○ Contains lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels Abdominal Abdominal ○ Contains stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and kidneys Pelvic Pelvic ○ Contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum Cranial Cranial ○ Contains the brain, ventricles, and some glands Spinal Spinal ○ Houses the spinal cord and nerves

22. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-22 Body Cavities FIGURE 9-6 Cavities of the body.

23. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-23 Body Regions  Abdominal Right hypochondriac Right hypochondriac Epigastric Epigastric Left hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Right lumbar Umbilical Umbilical Left lumbar Left lumbar Right inguinal Right inguinal Hypogastric Hypogastric Left inguinal Left inguinal

24. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-24 Abdominal Quadrants  Four quadrants Right upper Right upper Right lower Right lower Left upper Left upper Left lower Left lower

25. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-25 Mitosis  cells dividing creating an identical replica. contains 46 chromosomes (except sex cells). contains 46 chromosomes (except sex cells). All chromosomes (except sex chromosomes X and Y) are paired and called homologous autosomes. All chromosomes (except sex chromosomes X and Y) are paired and called homologous autosomes.

26. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-26 Meiosis divides into two parts, with one half of the chromosomes divides into two parts, with one half of the chromosomes Results in the formation of sex cells (gametes) Results in the formation of sex cells (gametes)

27. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-27 Phases  Interphase-resting stage Divides nucleus  Prophase Chromosomes become rodlike Centrioles separate to opposite sides  Metaphase Chromatid pairs arrange in single file  Anaphase Chromatid pairs separate  Telephase Chromosomes go to opposite sides of cell Nucleus reforms 2 new cells formed

28. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-28

29. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-29 Cell Function  Heredity genetic transmission of traits from parent to offspring. genetic transmission of traits from parent to offspring. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains instructions for these characteristics. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains instructions for these characteristics. strands of DNA are packaged into chromosomes, which contain segments called genes. strands of DNA are packaged into chromosomes, which contain segments called genes.

30. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-30 Cell Function  Genotype -DNA sequence ○ Recessive genes ○ Dominant genes ○ Heterozygous pattern Two genes that are different on the chromosome pair Two genes that are different on the chromosome pair ○ Homozygous pattern ○ Two genes that are alike on the chromosome pair ○ Phenotype-trait

31. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-31 Cell Formation Diseases  Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause many genetic disorders, which may be Hereditary (inherited) Hereditary (inherited) Sporadic (acquired) Sporadic (acquired)  Abnormalities may result when there is a mutation of one or more genes.

32. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-32 Causes of Genetic Disorders

33. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-33 Mapped Genetic Disorders

34. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-34 Cell Formation Diseases  Cancer Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that tend to spread (metastasize) and invade the tissues around them Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that tend to spread (metastasize) and invade the tissues around them

35. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-35 Five Groups of Cancer  Carcinomas Mutated cells that cover internal or external parts of the body Mutated cells that cover internal or external parts of the body  Leukemia Found in the blood and starts in bone marrow Found in the blood and starts in bone marrow  Sarcomas Found in connective tissue such as bones, muscle, fat, and cartilage Found in connective tissue such as bones, muscle, fat, and cartilage

36. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-36 Five Groups of Cancer  Lymphomas Start in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues Start in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues  Adenomas Affect thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and other glandular tissues Affect thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and other glandular tissues

37. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-37 Cancer  Common sites for development of cancer Lungs Lungs Breast Breast Colon Colon Uterus Uterus Oral cavity Oral cavity Bone marrow Bone marrow

38. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-38 Warning Signs of Cancer

39. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-39 Cancer  Cancer results from a mistake or mutation in a single cell’s division.  Cell division is uncontrolled.  More than 80% of cancer cases are related to smoking or exposure to chemicals, radiation, and ultraviolet light (e.g., sun, tanning beds).  Some types are related to viral infections.

40. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-40 Inherited Cancers

41. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9-41 Types of Cancer Treatments