1. Name 2 roles of the integumentary system

2. The Structure of the Skin  Skin is a multilayered organ that:  covers and protects the body from infections  Keeps the body from drying out  Regulates body temp  Makes vitamin D  Has sensory nerves  (touch) 32.1 The Integumentary System Chapter 32 Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

3. Draw a sketch of skin showing: correct name and orientation of its two layers, proper place of: hair, keratin, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory nerve receptors

4. The Epidermis  The outer superficial layer of skin is the epidermis. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 32.1 The Integumentary System Chapter 32  The outer layers of epidermal cells contain keratin, which waterproofs and protects the cells and tissues underneath Some cells in the inner layer of the epidermis provide protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation by making a pigment called melanin

5. The Dermis Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Directly beneath the epidermis is the dermis.  The dermis consists of connective tissue, nerve cells, muscle fibers, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles. 32.1 The Integumentary System Chapter 32

6. What are the ways to tell if a skin lesion is skin cancer?

7. Skin Cancer Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Ultraviolet radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, causing those cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.  There are two main categories of skin cancer: melanoma and nonmelanoma. 32.1 The Integumentary System Chapter 32 ABCD rule

8. Structure of the Skeletal System  The human skeleton consists of two divisions. 32.2 The Skeletal System  The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Chapter 32

9. ID bones marked on skeleton on last page

10. 32.2 The Skeletal System Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Chapter 32 Need to know these bones for test. Will be a fill in the blank version…No word bank! See p. 941

11. Describe the role of each a.Osteoblast: b.Osteoclast:

12. Bone: The skeleton supporting most vertebrates is made of bone, a mineralized connective tissue. Osteoblasts are cells that make bone (deposit a matrix of collagen. Then, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine and harden within the matrix into the mineral hydroxyapatite.) The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bone harder than cartilage without being brittle.. Osteoblasts live in the center of each “osteon”

13. Remodeling of Bone  Bones constantly are being remodeled, which involves replacing old cells with new cells. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Cells called osteoclasts break down bone tissue. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

14. Compact and Spongy Bone  The outer layers of all bones are composed of compact bone. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Spongy bone is found at the center of short or flat bones and at the end of long bones. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

15. Where do white blood cells and red blood cells come from (specifically)?

16. Bone has blood flow and it is innervated Osteoblasts are continuously monitoring the bone’s health and they can reshape the bone as needed Red and white blood cells come from the red marrow Yellow marrow in middle is just fat storage

17. Repair of Bone  When a bone breaks but does not come through the skin, it is a simple fracture. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  A compound fracture is one in which the bone protrudes through the skin.  A stress fracture is a thin crack in the bone. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

18. Fracture  A blood clot forms between the broken ends of the bone and new bone begins to form. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  First, a soft callus of cartilage forms at the location of the break. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

19. Callus Formation  Osteoblasts form a callus made of spongy bone that surrounds the fracture. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Osteoclasts remove the spongy bone while osteoblasts produce stronger, compact bone. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

20. Remodeling  Bones require different amounts of time to heal. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Age, nutrition, location, and severity of the break are all factors. 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32

21. Q: Explain difference between tendons and ligaments

22. Joints  Joints occur where two or more bones meet. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 32.2 The Skeletal System Chapter 32  The bones of joints are held together by ligaments.

23. Three Types of Muscle  Muscles are classified according to their structure and function. 32.3 The Muscular System Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Chapter 32

24. Fig. 40.4

25. Describe the three types of muscle Type of muscleWhere is it found?Voluntary or invol? a. b. c.

26. Smooth Muscle  Many hollow internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus are lined with smooth muscle, a type of involuntary muscle. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 32.3 The Muscular System Chapter 32

27. Cardiac Muscle  The involuntary muscle present only in the heart is called cardiac muscle. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 32.3 The Muscular System Chapter 32  Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in a network that allows the heart muscle to contract efficiently and rhythmically.

28. Skeletal Muscle  Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that cause movement. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems  Tendons connect muscles to bones. 32.3 The Muscular System Chapter 32

29. Muscles come in antagonistic pairs. Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting Extensors and flexors

30. Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle. The sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle contraction. Thin filaments consist of two strands of actin. Thick filaments consist of myosin molecules.

31. The force of muscle contraction is controlled by regulating the number of motor units involved in the contraction.

32. Q: explain differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers

33. Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers. Fast muscle fibers are adapted for rapid, powerful contractions. They rely on anaerobic resp and fatigue relatively quickly.

34. Slow muscle fibers are adapted for sustained contraction. Rely on aerobic respiration Only 72 more miles to the market!!  They contain myoglobin, a respiratory molecule that stores oxygen and serves as an oxygen reserve.