1. Expediting Site Remediation By Integrating The Membrane Interface Probe With In-Situ Remediation Injection Design Eliot Cooper, ecooper@vironex.com, 303-277-9773ecooper@vironex.com

2. Expediting The Cleanup Process ApproachProcessTime to Remediation Traditional1.Contamination ID Work Plan(s) 2.Work Plan Approval 3.Contamination ID Field Work 4.Remediation Feasibility Study 5.Remediation Work Plan 6.Work Plan Approval 7.Remediation Field Work Years Expedited1.Site Characterization and Remediation Work Plan Approval 2.Sampling/Analysis/Remediation Months Expands the current TRIAD approach for site characterization to include remediation

3.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

4.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

5. Contaminant Mass In Relation To Lithology Treatment Zone Competing ReactionsContaminant Mass Treatment Interval (Ft to Ft bgs) Bioremediation and Oxidant Scavengers (ppm) Natural Oxidant Demand (g/kg) Dissolved (ppm) Sorbed (ppm) Residual NAPL (ppm) Free Phase NAPL (ppm) Treatment Interval

6. Contaminant Mass Vs Lithology Delineation Membrane Interface Probe Nitrogen Carrier Gas Permeable Membrane Heater Block 120 0 C Soil Conductivity

7. Membrane Interface Probe Detectors ContaminantsDetection Ranges PID Photo Ionization Double-Bonded Compounds (gasoline, BTEX, High level PCE & TCE) 1 - 20,000 ppm Qualitative FID Flame Ionization Hydrocarbons (gasoline, BTEX methane, butane, landfill gases) 1 - 100,000 ppm Qualitative ECD Electron Capture Halogenated Compounds (Low-Level TCE, PCE, VC) 0.25 – 10 ppm Qualitative Field Portable GC-MS Speciated VOCs including MTBE 100 x PID/ECD sensitivity 100% ID of unknowns Quantitative HAPSITE - March, 2004

8. HAPSITE Portable GC-MS & Headspace Sampling System Membrane Interface Probe

9. MIP Real Time Data Display Membrane Interface Probe Silts - Clays VOCs Groundwater

10. PID Soil Confirmation Samples – Vadose Zone Contaminant Mass Membrane Interface Probe

11. Soil Conductivity  The soil Ec uses a dipole measurement arrangement  Alternating current is passed from the center of the probe to the probe body  The voltage response of the soil to current is measured across the same two points  Lower conductivities indicate sands, while higher conductivities indicate silts and clay Membrane Interface Probe

12. Soil Ec Log Explanation Membrane Interface Probe

13. MIP Case Study - Background Membrane Interface Probe  Southern California industrial site where high TCE concentrations were indicated an upgradient unidentified DNAPL source zone  Target saturated zone 14’ to 33’ bgs  Primarily silts and clays  Overriding concern was not to puncture aquitard at 33’ bgs

14. MIP Results – Contaminant Mass Membrane Interface Probe 8,900 – 77,600 2,000 – 35,000 3,600 – 14,000

15. MIP PID Results Summary Membrane Interface Probe

16. MIP 1 and 7 - GW Confirmation Sampling Membrane Interface Probe

17. MIP Cost Comparison Membrane Interface Probe

18.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

19. Delivery: Conduit TechnologyInjection Zone Targeting SpecificationsReagent Considerations LimitationsInjection Locations DPT1 foot Interval targeting 1.5" O.D. injection tooling 18,000 to 31,000 lbs of pushing force 40 to 110 feet Bioremediation – None Oxidant - Peroxide surfacing Persulfate Acidity Unconsolidated soils and bedrock Moveable Injection WellsMultiple screens Use of packers to isolate deep intervals 1” I.D. to 4” I.D PVC (Schedule 40 or 80), black iron, stainless steel DPT Installed Pre-packed Bioremediation – Flush well Oxidants - Stainless steel for oxidant heat generation (e.g. DNAPL) Peroxide surfacing Fixed injection locations Reagents preferential flow to higher permeable intervals within injection screen Fixed

20. Target Interval Conduit Strategies Membrane Interface Probe Target Injection Interval Injection Well Screen Direct Push End of Rod Direct Push Targeting Contaminant Mass Soil Conductivity Target Injection interval is the length of the vertical injection zone where reagents can be uniformly distributed based on the delivery conduit selected.

21.  Target injection zones  Inject consistently through the formation  Check valve retains the compound in the subsurface Target Interval: DPT Injection Tooling

22.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

23. Delivery: Reagents ReagentInjection Concentrations CatalyzedInjection Considerations Hydrogen Release, e.g. HRC, HRC-X 100%Bio- Augmentation, e.g. INOCULUM Viscous material requires heating Oxygen Release, e.g. ORC 30 to 40%None Hydrogen Peroxide5 to 17%Iron Chelated Iron Gas generation, heat and surfacing Catalyst and peroxide injected separately or simultaneously Potassium Permanganate 3 to 4%None Sodium Permanganate 10% to 20%None Sodium Persulfate10% to 20%Iron, Chelated Iron, Heat, Peroxide Catalyst and persulfate can be mixed and injected together. Acidic

24. Injection Design: Reagent Mass Treatment ZoneStoichiometric Reagent Requirements (Lbs.) Injected Reagent Requirements (Lbs) Injection Intervals (Ft to Ft bgs) Treatment Area (Ft 2) Treatment Interval (YD 3) Scavengin g & NOD Dissolved Phase Sorbed Phase Residual NAPL Free Phase NAPL TotalIn-Situ Efficiency % Total Reagen t Injecte d

25.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

26. Delivery: Pumps – Non-Viscous, High Volume Hydrogen Peroxide / Fenton’s Reagent - Short Lived Sodium Persulfate, Permanganate, Hydrogen Donor Compounds - Persistent Hydraulic Conductivity PumpsMax Injection Pressure Max Injection Rate Max ROI PumpsMax Injection Pressure Max Injection Rate Max ROI Low < 3 ft/day Bladder120 PSI1 gpm5 feetPositive Displace ment 2500 PSI 10 gpm10 feet + Dispersion High > 3 ft/day Bladder120 PSI15 gpm15 feetBladder Moyno Positive Displace ment 50 -1600 PSI 30 GPM 20 feet + Dispersion

27. Treatment Intervals (Ft-Ft bgs) Hydraulic Conductivity (Ft/Day) Reagent (Lbs) Reagent (Gals) ROI (FT) Injection Volume as a % Pore Volume DPT or Fixed Well # Injection Locations Screen Length or Injection target interval (Ft) Injection Design: ROI and Reagent Volume ROI is a function of interval screen length or DPT targeting, injection pressure, reagent/flush volume, reagent persistence, and dispersion. Confirmation through pilot testing.

28. Treatment Intervals (Ft-Ft bgs) Porosity (%) Reagent (Gals) PUMP Pressure (PSI) Injection Rate (GPM) Injection Volume as a % Pore Volume # of Injection Events Injection Time Per Event (Hrs) Injection Efficiency (%) Total Injection Time Per Event (8 hour days) Injection Design: Duration / # of Events Injection efficiency = hours of injection at design rate / available injection hours

29.  Identify contaminant mass in relation to lithology  Identify target injection intervals and delivery conduit  Determine reagents and volumes  Select a pumping system to deliver reagent volumes  Inject reagents Expedited Cleanup Methodology Overview

30. Injection Of Reagents

31. Key Takeaways  Work plans can be developed that integrate site characterization and remediation.  Vironex’s Methodology can support this work plan development.  With regulatory support, these work plans can be implemented to support brownfield redevelopment timelines.