1. Chemistry Notes Unit 19- Redox

2. Chemistry Video Notes Unit 19- Redox Section 1- Oxidation/Reduction Section 2- Balancing Redox Reactions Section 3-Oxidation/Reduction Agents

3. 10H understand and differentiate among acid-base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation- reduction reactions TEKS The student is expected to: Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

4. Key Concepts Oxidation States Oxidation Reduction Oxidation and Reduction as a Process Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

5. Objectives Assign oxidation numbers to reactant and product species. Define oxidation and reduction. Explain what an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is. Chapter 19

6. Oxidation States The oxidation number assigned to an element in a molecule is based on the distribution of electrons in that molecule. The rules by which oxidation numbers are assigned are summarized on the next slide. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

7. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

8. Assigning Oxidation Numbers Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

9. Oxidation Reactions in which the atoms or ions of an element experience an increase in oxidation state are oxidation processes. A species whose oxidation number increases is oxidized. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

10. Reduction Reactions in which the oxidation state of an element decreases are reduction processes. A species that undergoes a decrease in oxidation state is reduced. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

11. Oxidation and Reduction as a Process Any chemical process in which elements undergo changes in oxidation number is an oxidation- reduction reaction. This name is often shortened to redox reaction. The part of the reaction involving oxidation or reduction alone can be written as a half-reaction. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

12. Equations for the reaction between nitric acid and copper illustrate the relationship between half- reactions and the overall redox reaction. (oxidation half-reaction) (reduction half-reaction) (redox reaction) Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued

13. Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued Redox Reactions and Covalent Bonds When hydrogen burns in chlorine, a covalent bond forms from the sharing of two electrons. The pair of electrons is more strongly attracted to the chlorine atom because of its higher electronegativity. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

14. Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued Redox Reactions and Covalent Bonds, continued Neither atom has totally lost or totally gained any electrons. Hydrogen has donated a share of its bonding electron to the chlorine but has not completely transferred that electron. Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

15. Particle Model for a Redox Reaction Chapter 19 Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

16. 8D use the law of conservation of mass to write and balance chemical equations 10H understand and differentiate among acid-base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation- reduction reactions TEKS Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations The student is expected to: Chapter 19

17. Key Concept Half-Reaction Method Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

18. Objectives Explain what must be conserved in redox equations. Balance redox equations by using the half-reaction method. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

19. Half-Reaction Method The half-reaction method for balancing redox equations consists of seven steps: 1.Write the formula equation if it is not given in the problem. Then write the ionic equation. 2.Assign oxidation numbers. Delete substances containing only elements that do not change oxidation state. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

20. Half-Reaction Method, continued 3.Write the half-reaction for oxidation. Balance the atoms. Balance the charge. 4.Write the half-reaction for reduction. Balance the atoms. Balance the charge. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

21. Half-Reaction Method, continued 5.Conserve charge by adjusting the coefficients in front of the electrons so that the number lost in oxidation equals the number gained in reduction. 6.Combine the half-reactions, and cancel out anything common to both sides of the equation. 7.Combine ions to form the compounds shown in the original formula equation. Check to ensure that all other ions balance. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

22. Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half- Reaction Method Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

23. Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half- Reaction Method Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

24. Half-Reaction Method, continued Sample Problem A A deep purple solution of potassium permanganate is titrated with a colorless solution of iron(II) sulfate and sulfuric acid. The products are iron(III) sulfate, manganese(II) sulfate, potassium sulfate, and water—all of which are colorless. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

25. Half-Reaction Method, continued Sample Problem A Solution 1. Write the formula equation if it is not given in the problem. Then write the ionic equation. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

26. Sample Problem A Solution, continued 2.Assign oxidation numbers to each element and ion. Delete substances containing an element that does not change oxidation state. Chapter 19 Half-Reaction Method, continued Only ions or molecules whose oxidation numbers change are retained. Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

27. Sample Problem A Solution, continued 3.Write the half-reaction for oxidation. The iron shows the increase in oxidation number. Therefore, it is oxidized. Balance the mass. The mass is already balanced. Balance the charge. Chapter 19 Half-Reaction Method, continued Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

28. Half-Reaction Method, continued Sample Problem A Solution, continued 4.Write the half-reaction for reduction. Manganese is reduced. Chapter 19 Balance the charge. Balance the mass. Water and hydrogen ions must be added to balance the oxygen atoms in the permanganate ion. Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

29. Half-Reaction Method, continued Sample Problem A Solution, continued 5.Adjust the coefficients to conserve charge. Chapter 19 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

30. Sample Problem A Solution, continued 6.Combine the half-reactions and cancel. Chapter 19 Half-Reaction Method, continued Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

31. Sample Problem A Solution, continued 7.Combine ions to form compounds from the original equation. Chapter 19 Half-Reaction Method, continued Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

32. 10H understand and differentiate among acid-base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation- reduction reactions TEKS Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents The student is expected to: Chapter 19

33. Key Concepts Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Disproportionation Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

34. Objectives Relate chemical activity to oxidizing and reducing strength. Explain the concept of disproportionation. Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

35. A reducing agent is a substance that has the potential to cause another substance to be reduced. An oxidizing agent is a substance that has the potential to cause another substance to be oxidized. Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

36. Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

37. Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, continued Different substances can be compared and rated by their relative potential as reducing and oxidizing agents. The negative ion of a strong oxidizing agent is a weak reducing agent. The positive ion of a strong reducing agent is a weak oxidizing agent. Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

38. Disproportionation A process in which a substance acts as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent is called disproportionation. A substance that undergoes disproportionation is both self-oxidizing and self-reducing. example: Hydrogen peroxide is both oxidized and reduced Chapter 19 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

39. ACTIVITY SERIES Metals Lithium Potassium Barium Calcium Sodium Hydrogen in water Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Hydrogen in steam Cobalt Nickel Tin Lead Hydrogen in acid Copper Mercury Silver Platinum Gold Nonmetals Fluorine Chlorine Oxygen Bromine Iodine Sulfur Phosphorus INCREASING ACTIVITY

40. End of Chapter 19