1. EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION The Storming of the Bastille, the Great Fear, and the Women’s March on Versailles

2. “ ” VETERAN ARMIES…HAVE NEVER PERFORMED GREATER PRODIGIES [FEATS] OF VALOR THAN THIS LEADER-LESS MULTITUDE OF PERSONS BELONGING TO EVERY CLASS, WORKMEN OF ALL TRADES WHO, MOSTLY ILL-EQUIPPED AND UNUSED TO ARMS, BOLDLY AFFRONTED THE FIRE FROM THE RAMPARTS AND SEEMED TO MOCK THE THUNDERBOLTS THE ENEMY HURLED AT THEM… Quote from Keversau, a participant in the Storming of the Bastille Respond: What does this quote say about who is leading the fight for independence?

3. The Fall of the Bastille by Claude Cholat

4. THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE When: July 14, 1789 What happened prior to the revolt: 1.On July 12, Louis XVI dismissed his popular finance minister, Jacques Necker. 2.On July 13, a rumor spread of a coming counter attack by the king’s army to destabilize the rising power of the National Assembly, specifically the Third Estate.

5. THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE Bastille Day facts: 1.A group of tradesmen and salesmen stole weapons and attacked the Bastille looking for a stockpile of gunpowder. 2.The Bastille was an outdated fortress and prison often used for political and aristocratic prisoners who could not be housed with common criminals. Only 7 prisoners were freed July 14. 3.300 angry citizens broke into the fortress, violently killed the guards, including the leader the Marquis de Launay, beheaded them, and paraded the heads on spikes through the city streets.

6. THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE Bastille Day outcome: 1.That night, 800 men began to destroy the Bastille. 2.Some historians found the king’s diary entry for July 14, 1789; it said “Nothing,” referring to the result of the day’s hunting. 3.When the Duc de Llancourt informed the king of what happened at the Bastille, the king asked his advisor, “Is this a revolt?” His advisor replied, “No Majesty, this is a revolution.” 4.July 14 is now considered a national holiday in France.

7. Burning chateaus in the countryside as peasants riot during the Great Fear

8. THE GREAT FEAR When: July 17 – August 3, 1789 What happened: 1.After the storming of the Bastille, towns and villages armed themselves to protect their property against roaming mobs. 2.Again, rumors about a counter-revolution led by the king increased tension in France. 3.There were now also rumors that the nobles hired brigands to destroy the peasants’ new harvest and homes.

9. THE GREAT FEAR What happened: 1.The Third Estate made up 98 percent of France’s population, but paid the most in taxes and had the fewest privileges. 2.Poor harvests led to a food shortage. The royalty and nobility held large feasts while the peasants starved. 3.The peasants rebelled, burning and looting many countryside manors, chateaus, and estates.

10. THE GREAT FEAR Outcome: 1.On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly agreed to surrender the class privileges of the clergy and nobility by drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. 2.The First and Second Estates were no longer exempt from the tax system. 3.By the end of August, the feudal system was abolished entirely. 4.There is a clearer separation between church and state.

11. An illustration of the Women’s March on Versailles

12. THE WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES When: October 4, 1789 Summary: 1.A crowd of 7,000 women armed with pitchforks, pikes, and muskets marched in the rain from Paris toward the royal palace at Versailles to demand bread for their families. 2.The Revolution had begun two months prior, but neither the Storming of the Bastille, the Great Fear, or the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen had thus far managed to topple France’s Ancien Regime. 3.But the women who set out to Versailles to demand bread were about to change all that, and the very course of modern history.

13. THE WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES What happened: 1.The mob of women targeted Marie Antoinette, who supposedly appeared indifferent to her subjects’ lack of bread when she said (or maybe didn’t say), “Let them eat cake.” Either way, she was despised by the people of France. 2.20,000 French National guards were assigned to protect the royal family, but the mob still managed to break into the palace to search for the queen, who barely escaped through a secret passage to the king’s private quarters.

14. THE WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES Mob demands: 1.The king distribute all of the bread the palace hoarded to the people. 2.The king sanction the August decrees and Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen. 3.The royal family accompany the mob of women back to Paris to see first- hand the plights of the people.

15. THE WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES Significant outcomes: 1.Louis and Marie Antoinette became prisoners of the Third Estate until their executions in 1791, bringing an end to the monarchy. 2.The Women’s March on Versailles forever transformed the role of women in revolution and what political gains they could expect for themselves. 3.Just one month after the March on Versailles, they would present to the new National Assembly a groundbreaking demand for gender equality.

16. A TALE OF TWO CITIES A Dickens of a Story

17. DEBTOR’S PRISON Debt was a crime in Victorian England, and debtors were sent to prison until they could pay off their creditors. Such prisons were filthy, rat-infested places where inmates usually lived with their entire families during the period of incarceration. They had to pay for their own room and board as well as pay off the debt. In 1822, John Dickens (Charles’ father) is arrested for outstanding debt (he owed 40 pounds to a baker) and is kept at Marshalsea Prison. Because family members of the prisoner were free to come and go as they pleased, some children helped their parents pay off debts by working outside the prison. 12-year-old Dickens ate with his family at Marshalsea Debtor's Prison, but slept in a squalid rooming house near his job at the Warren Blacking Polish factory. Two months later, unable to pay his father’s debt, 12- year-old Charles joins his father at Marshalsea Prison.

18. DEBTOR’S PRISON John Dickens is granted freedom in May of 1824, and the family is reunited. While his parents never acknowledge or discussed this shameful episode again, the psychological impact on Charles cannot be underestimated. The loneliness, the shame and the sense of abandonment were particularly difficult to ever truly overcome.

19. “ ” MY WHOLE NATURE WAS SO PENETRATED WITH GRIEF AND HUMILIATION…THAT EVEN NOW, FAMOUS AND CARESSED AND HAPPY, I OFTEN FORGET IN MY DREAMS THAT I HAVE A DEAR WIFE AND CHILDREN; EVEN THAT I AM A MAN; AND WANDER DESOLATELY BACK TO THAT TIME OF MY LIFE.

20. SOCIAL ILLS http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charles-dickens-a- victorian-era-rock-star/ (2:28-3:26) http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charles-dickens-a- victorian-era-rock-star/ Developed a lifelong concern for children who were abused, suffering. Fought against inequality and unjust treatment. Personal experience in debtor’s prison and as a child worker gave his writing credibility. Oliver Twist – suffering and mistreatment of children. Hard Times – exploitation of industrial workers.

21. “ ” IT ALWAYS GRIEVES ME TO CONTEMPLATE THE INITIATION OF CHILDREN INTO THE WAYS OF LIFE WHEN THEY ARE SCARCELY MORE THAN INFANTS. IT CHECKS THEIR CONFIDENCE AND SIMPLICITY, TWO OF THE BEST QUALITIES THAT HEAVEN GIVES THEM, AND DEMANDS THAT THEY SHARE OUR SORROWS BEFORE THEY ARE CAPABLE OF ENTERING INTO OUR ENJOYMENTS. - CHARLES DICKENSCHARLES DICKENS

22. “ ” MY WHOLE NATURE WAS SO PENETRATED WITH GRIEF AND HUMILIATION…THAT EVEN NOW, FAMOUS AND CARESSED AND HAPPY, I OFTEN FORGET IN MY DREAMS THAT I HAVE A DEAR WIFE AND CHILDREN; EVEN THAT I AM A MAN; AND WANDER DESOLATELY BACK TO THAT TIME OF MY LIFE.

23. DICKENS’ WRITING AND INFLUENCE Dickens’ novels were considered politically radical and representative of the author’s struggles. He creates an unforgettable cast of characters. Novels represent aspects of the world he lived in, although they aren’t always set in the same time period. (i.e. ATOTC). Novels focus on society’s mistreatment and hypocrisy. Dickens satirized corruption, greed, and injustice. Review – what are the tools of the satirist?

24. THE NOVEL Originally written as a newspaper serial with many characters and cliffhangers Length – 367 pages Divided into 3 books 1. Book the First: Recalled to Life (6 chapters) 2. Book the Second: The Golden Thread (24 chapters) 3. Book the Third: The Track of a Storm (15 chapters)

25. A TALE OF TWO CITIES, BUT WHAT TWO CITIES? London and Paris? SoHo and Saint Antoine? The City of God and the City of Man? All of the above?

26. THE PLOT The action of A Tale of Two Cities takes place over a period of about 18 years, beginning in 1775 and ending in 1793. Some of the story takes place earlier, as told in flashbacks. It centers around the years leading up to the French Revolution and culminates in the Jacobin Reign of Terror. Important note: although the stories of each character seem to be told in isolation, each element impacts all others. By the end, Dickens has answered all questions the novel presents.

27. CONFLICT In his dual focus on the French Revolution and the individual lives of his characters, Dickens draws many comparisons between the historical developments taking place and the characters’ triumphs and travails. Lack of justice, wrongful arrest and imprisonment Uncontrolled need for revenge Love triangle Redemption from past wrongdoings Mob violence

28. NOTABLE CHARACTERS Alexandre Manette Must be “recalled to life.” Has TWO professions throughout the novel…yes, this is significant. Father of Lucie Manette. Lucie Manette Orphaned as a young child. Serves as TWO character archetype roles. Is the love interest of TWO different men…are you seeing a pattern yet?

29. NOTABLE CHARACTERS Sydney Carton Several character flaws, yet he is darkly appealing. English lawyer. Famous last words. Charles Darnay Originally of French noble birth. Moves to England and changes his name…is he hiding something? Does he look familiar?

30. NOTABLE CHARACTERS Madame (Therese) Defarge Supreme Dickens creation – an image of social liberation taken over by the quest for revenge. She has legitimate grievances, but there is no pity or admiration for her. Pay attention to the knitting. Miss Pross Cares for Lucie Manette since her young childhood. Extremely loyal to Lucie, almost as if she is a character archetype…hmm. She is English and despises all things French, including the lady on the left.

31. MOTIFS – RECURRING STRUCTURES, CONTRASTS, OR LITERARY DEVICES THAT CAN HELP TO DEVELOP AND INFORM THE TEXT’S MAJOR THEMES Duality – think about the notable characters we just reviewed. What contrasts might they present? Other examples of duality: Light/DarkHonor/DishonorEngland/France Jarvis Lorry/CJ StryverJerry Cruncher/John BarsadThe Jackal/The Lion Fate/Free Will

32. MOTIFS – RECURRING STRUCTURES, CONTRASTS, OR LITERARY DEVICES THAT CAN HELP TO DEVELOP AND INFORM THE TEXT’S MAJOR THEMES “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in short, the period was so like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only (Dickens 1).

33. SYMBOLS AND ARCHETYPES Symbols – objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts The broken wine cask Knitting needles Weather Shoes and footsteps Golden thread Archetypes – a typical character, symbol, situation, or action that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature Situational: Death and Rebirth, the Battle Between Good and Evil Character: The Hero, the Damsel in Distress, the Evil Adversary, the Loyal Retainers, the Scapegoat, the Spiritual Earth Mother, the Savior Symbolic: Light vs. Darkness, the Wilderness, the river, the crossroads, the Tower, the Haven

34. LITERARY DEVICES Anaphora – using a repeating word or phrase to begin multiple clauses or sentences; it’s a form of repetition. Allusions – indirect references to people or events common to the audience. Antithesis – the pairing of opposites in a balanced structure Frequent use of similes, metaphors, and personification. Complex sentence structures often involving parallel construction.