1. ROMANTICISM a movement in art and literature during the late 18 th century and early 19 th century

2. Characteristics Strong emotion Imagination Nationalism Freedom within or from previous social conditions or form Individualism Appreciation for beauty of nature, especially as a source of knowledge, refuge, and divinity Value for the common people

3. Causes the actual causes of the Romantic movement itself correspond to the sense of rapid, dynamic social change that culminated in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. However, Romantic literature in Germany preceded these crucial historical events.

4. Music Folk music began with the introduction of elements of dance and song from outside of the court culture then dominant in the patronage of the arts. The growth of a middle class was fusing elements from the agrarian culture, including dances and stories, with their own sensibilities.

5. Famous Composers Richard Wagner – Ride of the Valkyries Felix Mendelssohn Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – The Nutcracker Robert Schumann Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert Giuseppe Verdi Johann Strauss Johannes Brahms

6. Poetry in Britain William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats William Blake Lord Alfred Tennyson – “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

7. "Do you not see how necessary a world of pains and troubles is to school an intelligence and make it a soul?" John Keats (1795-1821), English Romantic poet

8. Poetry in America Emily Dickinson Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – “Paul Revere’s Ride” and “Song of Hiawatha” John Greenleaf Whittier – “Hampton Beach” Walt Whitman – “When I Heard the Learned Astronomer” and “O Captain! My Captain!”

9. Gothic Romance Gothic fiction, sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Rejecting the Enlightenment ideal of balance and rationalism, readers eagerly sought out the hysterical, mystical, passionate adventures of terrified heroes and heroines in the clutches of frightening, mysterious forces.

10. Literature in Britain Mary Shelley – Frankenstein Emily Bronte – Wuthering Heights Charlotte Bronte – Jane Eyre William Hazlitt – essayist, “The Art of Hating” Charles Lamb – essayist, The Tales of Shakespeare (with his sister Mary, he re- wrote 20 of Shakespeare’s most well known plays as children’s stories)

11. Literature in Europe Victor Hugo – Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre Dame Alexandre Dumas – The Count of Monte Christo, The Three Musketeers The Brothers Grimm – Grimm’s Fairy Tales “Rapunzel,” “Hansel and Gretel,” “Cinderella,” “Little Red Riding Hood,” “The Sleeping Beauty,” “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” and “Rumplestiltskin”

12. Literature in America James Fennimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans Washington Irving – “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle” Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Herman Melville – Moby Dick

13. Painting J. M. W. Turner and John Constable (Britain) Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix (France) Caspar David Friedrich (Germany) Francisco Goya (Spain) Albert Bierstadt (United States)

14. Turner

17. Constable

20. Gericault

24. Friedrich

32. Goya

34. Delacroix

35. Bierstadt