1. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Compact bone –Contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called osteons, or Haversian systems –Osteons surround canals that run lengthwise through bone and are connected by transverse Volkmann’s canals –Living bone cells are located in these units, which constitute the structural framework of compact bone –Osteons permit delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products

2. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Compact bone (cont.) –Four types of structures make up each osteon: Lamella—concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix Lacunae—small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of the lamella Canaliculi—ultrasmall canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the Haversian canal Haversian canal—extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

4. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Cancellous bones (Figure 7-4) –No osteons in cancellous bone; instead, it has trabeculae –Nutrients are delivered and waste products removed by diffusion through tiny canaliculi –Bony spicules are arranged along lines of stress, enhancing the bone’s strength

7. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Blood supply –Bone cells are metabolically active and need a blood supply, which comes from the bone marrow in the internal medullary cavity of cancellous bone –Compact bone, in addition to bone marrow and blood vessels from the periosteum, penetrate bone and then, by way of Volkmann’s canals, connect with vessels in the Haversian canals

8. Quick Check Identify the four structures that form the osteon, or Haversian system. Name the transverse canals that connect blood vessels between adjacent Haversian systems. Name the needlelike spicules present in cancellous bone.

9. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Types of bone cells –Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells found in all bone surfaces Small cells synthesize and secrete osteoid, an important part of the ground substance Collagen fibrils line up in osteoid and serve as a framework for the deposition of calcium and phosphate

10. Microscopic Structure of the Bone Types of bone cells (cont.) –Osteoclasts Giant multinucleate cells Responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals Contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes –Osteocytes—mature, nondividing osteoblast surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae

11. Bone Marrow Specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue; called myeloid tissue Site for the production of blood cells Found in medullary cavities of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone

12. Bone Marrow Two types of marrow are present during a person’s lifetime: –Red marrow Found in virtually all bones in an infant’s or child’s body Functions to produce red blood cells –Yellow marrow As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow Marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

13. Bone Marrow The main bones in an adult that still contain red marrow include the ribs, bodies of the vertebrae, the humerus, the pelvis, and the femur Yellow marrow can alter to red marrow during times of decreased blood supply, such as with anemia, exposure to radiation, and certain diseases

14. Functions of Bone Support—bones form the framework of the body and contribute to the shape, alignment, and positioning of the body parts Protection—bony “boxes” protect the delicate structures they enclose Movement—bones with their joints constitute levers that move as muscles contract Mineral storage—bones are the major reservoir for calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation is carried out by myeloid tissue