2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Understanding Science Lesson 2Lesson 2Measurement and Scientific Tools Lesson 3Lesson 3Case Study Chapter Wrap-Up

3. Chapter Introduction How can science provide answers to your questions about the world around you?

4. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC What is scientific inquiry? What are the results of scientific investigations? How can a scientist prevent bias in a scientific investigation? Understanding Science

5. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab science observation inference hypothesis prediction technology scientific theory scientific law critical thinking Understanding Science

6. Lesson 1-1 Science is the investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results from those investigations.Science People use reasoning, creativity, and skepticism in their daily lives to solve problems. What is science?

7. Lesson 1-2 Biology, or life science, is the study of all living things. Branches of Science biology from Greek bios, means “life”; and logia, means “study of”

8. Lesson 1-2 The study of Earth, including landforms, rocks, soil, and forces that shape Earth’s surface, is Earth science. The study of chemistry and physics is physical science. Branches of Science (cont.)

9. Lesson 1-3 As scientists study the natural world, they usually use certain skills, or methods. Scientific Inquiry

10. Lesson 1-3 Scientific Inquiry (cont.) A scientist uses a sequence of skills and methods in an investigation.

11. Lesson 1-3 Observations often are the beginning of the process of science. An observation is using one or more of your senses to gather information and take note of what occurs.observation Scientific Inquiry (cont.)

12. Lesson 1-3 A possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by scientific investigations is a hypothesis.hypothesis A prediction is a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events.prediction Scientific Inquiry (cont.)

13. Lesson 1-3 When you test a hypothesis, you often are testing your predictions. If your prediction is not confirmed, your hypothesis might need revision. Scientific Inquiry (cont.)

14. Lesson 1-3 Scientific Inquiry (cont.) What is scientific inquiry?

15. Lesson 1-3 The next step in a scientific investigation is to organize and analyze your data. You must determine whether inferences can be made or conclusions drawn from the data. An inference is a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience.inference Scientific Inquiry (cont.)

16. Lesson 1-3 If your hypothesis is supported by the data, you can repeat the experiment to confirm the results. If your hypothesis is not supported, you may need to modify it.

17. Lesson 1-3 An important step in scientific inquiry is communicating results. Scientific Inquiry (cont.)

18. Lesson 1-4 In science, you perform scientific inquiry to find answers to questions. The practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use is technology.technology Many times, scientific investigations answer the questions: who, what, when, where, or how. Results of Scientific Inquiry

19. Lesson 1-4 Results of Scientific Inquiry (cont.) What are the results of scientific investigations?

20. Lesson 1-5 A scientific theory is an explanation of observations or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations.scientific theory A scientific law describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true.scientific law Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws

21. Lesson 1-5

22. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.) Critical thinking is comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it.Critical thinking To prevent bias in an investigation, sampling, repetition, and blind studies can be helpful.

23. Lesson 1-5

24. How can a scientist prevent bias in a scientific investigation? Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.)

25. Lesson 1-6 Questions about personal opinions, values, beliefs, and feelings cannot be answered scientifically. Scientists follow safety procedures when they conduct investigations. Ethics are especially important when using living things during investigations. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.)

26. Lesson 1 – LR1 A.biology B.Earth science C.life science D.physical science Which is the study of chemistry and physics?

27. Lesson 1 – LR2 A.hypothesis B.inference C.observation D.prediction Which term refers to a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events?

28. Lesson 1 – LR3 A.critical thinking B.inference C.observation D.scientific law Which refers to comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it?

29. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC What is the difference between accuracy and precision? Why should you use significant digits? What are some tools used by scientists? Measurement and Scientific Tools

30. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab description explanation International System of Units (SI)International System of Units (SI) Measurement and Scientific Tools accuracy precision significant digits

31. Lesson 2-1 A description is a spoken or written summary of observations.description An explanation is an interpretation of observations.explanation When you explain something, you try to interpret your observations, which can lead to a hypothesis. Description and Explanation

32. Lesson 2-2 The International System of Units (SI) is an internationally accepted system for measurement.International System of Units (SI) All SI units are derived from seven base units. The International System of Units

33. Lesson 2-2 A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. Prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100. The International System of Units (cont.)

34. Lesson 2-2 Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted or true value.Accuracy Precision is a description of how similar or close measurements are to each other.Precision

35. Lesson 2-2 The data taken by student A are more accurate because each value is close to the accepted value. The data taken by student C are more precise because the data are similar.

36. Lesson 2-2 The International System of Units (cont.) How do accuracy and precision differ?

37. Lesson 2-3 Measurement and Accuracy All measurements have some uncertainty. The tools used to make measurements limit the accuracy of the measurements.

38. Lesson 2-4 Significant digits are the number of digits in a measurement that are known with a certain degree of reliability.Significant digits The significant digits in a measurement include all digits you know for certain plus one estimated digit. Significant Digits

39. Lesson 2-4

40. Using significant digits lets others know how certain your measurements are. Significant Digits (cont.)

41. Lesson 2-4 Significant Digits (cont.) Why should you use significant digits?

42. Lesson 2-5 Science journals are for recording descriptions, explanations, plans, and steps used in scientific inquiry. Scientific Tools Corbis

43. Lesson 2-5 A triple-beam balance or a digital balance is used by scientists to measure mass. Scientific Tools (cont.) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer

44. Lesson 2-5 A thermometer measures the temperatures of substances. Scientific Tools (cont.) The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Ken Cavanagh Photographer

45. Lesson 2-5 Flasks, beakers, petri dishes, test tubes, and specimen jars are used as containers. Scientific Tools (cont.)

46. Lesson 2-5 Graduated cylinders are used to measure the volume of a liquid. The unit of measure for liquid volume is the liter (L) or milliliter (mL). Scientific Tools (cont.)

47. Lesson 2-5 Microscopes, such as dissecting microscopes and compound light microscopes, enable you to observe small objects that you cannot observe with just your eyes. Scientific Tools (cont.) Photodisc/Getty Images

48. Lesson 2-5 Scientists use computers to compile, retrieve, and analyze data for reports. Scientific Tools (cont.)

49. Lesson 2-6 A magnifying lens is a hand-held lens that magnifies, or enlarges, an image of an object. To observe items using a compound light microscope, you must place it on a thin, rectangular piece of glass called a slide. Tools Used by Life Scientists

50. Lesson 2-6 Scientists use dissecting tools, such as scalpels and scissors, to examine tissues, organs, or prepared organisms. A pipette is a small glass or plastic tube used to draw up and transfer liquids. Tools Used by Life Scientists (cont.) Photodisc Collection/Getty Images Ingram Publishing/SuperStock

51. Lesson 2-6 Tools Used by Life Scientists (cont.) What are some tools used by life scientists?

52. Lesson 2 – LR1 A.accuracy B.explanation C.precision D.significant digit Which term refers to a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted or true value?

53. Lesson 2 – LR2 A.SI unit B.significant digit C.prefix D.description Which can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit?

54. Lesson 2 – LR3 A.microscope B.petri dish C.thermometer D.triple-beam balance Which of these is used by scientists to measure mass?

55. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC How do independent and dependent variables differ? How is scientific inquiry used in a real- life scientific investigation? Case Study

56. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab variable dependent variable independent variable constants Case Study

57. Lesson 3-1 During the past few decades, scientists have explored using protists to produce biodiesel fuel. Protists are a group of microscopic organisms that usually live in water or moist environments. Biodiesel from Microalgae

58. Lesson 3-2 Scientists use scientific inquiry to investigate the use of protists to make biodiesel. They design controlled experiments to test their hypotheses. A controlled experiment is a scientific investigation that tests how one variable affects another. Designing a Controlled Experiment

59. Lesson 3-2 A variable is any factor in an experiment that can have more than one value.variable In controlled experiments, there are two types of variables: dependent variables and independent variables. Designing a Controlled Experiment (cont.)

60. Lesson 3-2 The dependent variable is the factor measured or observed during an experiment.dependent variable The independent variable is the factor that you want to test. It is changed by the investigator to observe how it affects a dependent variable.independent variable Designing a Controlled Experiment (cont.)

61. Lesson 3-2 Designing a Controlled Experiment (cont.) How do independent and dependent variables differ?

62. Lesson 3-2 ConstantsConstants are the factors in an experiment that remain the same. Designing a Controlled Experiment (cont.)

63. Lesson 3-2 A controlled experiment has two groups—an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group is used to study how a change in the independent variable changes the dependent variable. The control group contains the same factors as the experimental group, but the independent variable is not changed. Designing a Controlled Experiment (cont.)

64. Lesson 3-3 Rudolph Diesel invented the diesel engine using peanut oil to demonstrate how it worked. Oil-rich food crops, such as soybeans, can be used as a source of biodiesel. Biodiesel NPS Photo by Jim Peaco

65. Lesson 3-4 In the late 1970s, the U.S. Department of Energy began funding its Aquatic Species Program (ASP) to investigate ways to remove air pollutants. The program’s focus shifted to using microalgae to produce oils that could be processed into biodiesel. Aquatic Species Program

66. Lesson 3-5 Microalgae are microscopic organisms that live in marine or freshwater environments, use photosynthesis, and make sugar. Scientists collected and identified promising microalgae species, focusing on microalgae they predicted were more resistant to changes in temperature and salt content in water. Which Microalgae?

67. Lesson 3-6 Some studies suggested that starving microalgae of nutrients, such as nitrogen, could increase the amount of oil they produced. Starving microalgae caused them to be smaller, resulting in no overall increase in oil production. Oil Production in Microalgae

68. Lesson 3-6 Three methods of growing microalgae are examples of different hypotheses being tested in controlled experiments. Open ponds are less expensive than bioreactors for growing microalgae. Microalgae grown in plastic bags are very expensive to harvest. Microalgae grow under controlled conditions in glass bioreactors. Outdoor Testing v. Bioreactors

69. Lesson 3-6 According to Dr. Richard Sayre, a biofuel researcher, all the ASP research was based on forming hypotheses. Why So Many Hypotheses?

70. Lesson 3-6 Scientists from a biofuel company in Washington State wondered if they could increase microalgae oil production by distributing light to all microalgae. Increasing Oil Yield

71. Lesson 3-6 Data from experiments showed scientists how microalgae in well-lit environments grow compared to how microalgae grow in dimmer environments. Scientists plan to take light to microalgae instead of moving microalgae to light. Light rods and paddlewheels were both used to bring light to microalgae. Bringing Light to Microalgae

72. Lesson 3-6 Bringing Light to Microalgae (cont.) Describe three ways in which scientific inquiry was used in this case study.

73. Lesson 3-6 In addition to growing microalgae for biodiesel production, there are other benefits of growing microalgae. Not only do microalgae produce a valuable fuel, they also remove pollutants from and add oxygen to the atmosphere. Why Grow Microalgae?

74. Lesson 3-6

75. The costs of growing microalgae and extracting their oils are too high to compete with petroleum-based diesel. The combined efforts of government- funded programs and commercial biofuel companies might one day make microalgae-based biodiesel and affordable reality in the United States. Are microalgae the future?

76. Lesson 3 – LR1 A.constants B.control group C.controlled experiment D.experimental group Which term describes a scientific investigation that tests how one variable affects another?

77. Lesson 3 – LR2 A.constant B.dependent variable C.independent variable D.variable Which is a factor in an experiment that remains the same?

78. Lesson 3 – LR3 A.constant B.control group C.controlled experiment D.variable Which contains the same factors as the experimental group, but does not have the independent variable changed?

79. Chapter Review Menu Key Concept Summary Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

80. The BIG Idea You can answer questions about your world by using scientific inquiry to creatively construct investigations and collect and evaluate appropriate data through observations and inferences.

81. Key Concepts 1 Scientific inquiry, also known as scientific methods, is a collection of skills that scientists use in different combinations to perform scientific investigations. Scientific investigations often result in new technology, new materials, newly discovered objects or events, or answers to questions. A scientist can help prevent bias in a scientific investigation by taking random samples, doing blind studies, repeating an experiment several times, and keeping accurate and honest records. Lesson 1: Understanding Science

82. Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2: Measurement and Scientific Tools Precision is a description of how similar or close measurements are to each other. Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted value. Significant digits communicate the precision of the tool used to make measurements. Life scientists use many tools, such as science journals, microscopes, computers, magnifying lenses, slides, and dissecting tools.

83. Key Concepts 3 The independent variable is a factor in an experiment that is manipulated or changed by the investigator to observe how it affects a dependent variable. The dependent variable is the factor measured or observed during an experiment. Scientific inquiry is used to gain information and find solutions to real life problems and questions. Lesson 3: Case Study: Biodiesel from Microalgae

84. Chapter Review – MC1 A.inference B.reasoning C.science D.skepticism Which term refers to the investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results from those investigations?

85. Chapter Review – MC2 A.hypothesis B.inference C.prediction D.scientific law Which term describes a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience?

86. Chapter Review – MC3 A.accuracy B.base unit C.precision D.significant digit Which term describes how similar or close measurements are to each other?

87. Chapter Review – MC4 A.compound light microscope B.graduated cylinder C.thermometer D.triple-beam balance Which enables scientists to observe small objects that cannot be observed with just eyes?

88. Chapter Review – MC5 Which term refers to the factor that you test in an experiment? A.constant B.control group C.dependent variable D.independent variable

89. Chapter Review – STP1 A.critical thinking B.hypothesis C.scientific law D.scientific theory Which describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true?

90. Chapter Review – STP2 A.hypothesis B.inference C.observation D.prediction Which term describes a possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by scientific investigations?

91. Chapter Review – STP3 A.base B.constant C.SI D.significant Which term refers to the digits in a measurement that are known with a certain degree of reliability?

92. Chapter Review – STP4 A.petri dish B.microscope C.graduated cylinder D.computer Which is used by scientists to measure the volume of a liquid?

93. Chapter Review – STP5 A.constant B.dependent variable C.experimental group D.independent variable Which term refers to the factor measured or observed during an experiment?