1. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 1 Chapter 10 Cuffey & Paterson

2. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 2 FIGURE 10.1 Longitudinal foliation, Comfortlessbreen, Spitsbergen. Photo by M.J. Hambrey.

3. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 3 FIGURE 10.2 Deformation of a square, a circle, and different sources of foliation under homogeneous strain. (A) Initial state. (B) After pure shear. (C) After simple shear. From Hooke and Hudleston (1978).

4. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 4 FIGURE 10.3 Schematic illustration of total strain along particle paths in an ice cap. Flow deforms circles into ellipses. “E” indicates the equilibrium line. From Hooke and Hudleston (1978).

5. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 5 FIGURE 10.4 Folded moraines in Susitna Glacier, Alaska. Photo by Austin Post, U.S. Geological Survey.

6. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 6 FIGURE 10.5 How folding transposes the orientation of layers.

7. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 7 FIGURE 10.6 Crystal structure seen in a thin section of ice, of vertical orientation, from 2546m depth in the ice sheet, central Greenland. Width of each panel is about 10 cm. Right panel: Sketch showing the pattern of folded layering (solid lines) and the “stripe” of crystals with anomalous orientations (dashed lines). Left panel: Pattern of crystal orientations revealed by polarized light. Crystals are oriented favorably for shear deformation along the stripe. Adapted from Alley et al. (1997b) and used with permission from the American Geophysical Union, Journal of Geophysical Research.

8. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 8 FIGURE 10.7 Boudinage structures for different viscosity contrasts between the layer and the surrounding matrix. Layer A has the highest viscosity and layer D the same viscosity as the matrix. Note that the “wavelength” increases as the viscosity contrast decreases. Adapted from Hambrey and Milnes (1975).

9. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 9 FIGURE 10.8 Variations of oxygen isotope composition with depth in the Greenland ice sheet, at two locations (GRIP, on the ice divide, and GISP2, 30 km to the west). The correspondence between the two records breaks down at depths greater than about 2700m. Symbols show where folds and dipping layers were observed in the 10 cm-diameter cores. Adapted from Alley et al. (1995b).

10. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 10 FIGURE 10.9 Wave ogives produced by an icefall, Trimble Glacier, Alaska. The light arcs are snow-filled troughs. Photograph by Austin Post, U.S. Geological Survey.

11. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 11 FIGURE 10.10 Patterns of newly formed crevasses in a valley glacier, and associated stress regimes near the top lateral margin in each case. (a) Effect of shear stress exerted by valley walls only. (b) Shear stress and extending flow. (c) Shear stress and compressing flow. Adapted from Nye (1952a).

12. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. 12 FIGURE 10.11 Characteristic pattern and assemblages of structures in the ablation zone of a valley glacier.