1. The Expansion of Europe in the 18 th Century Chapter 19 Agriculture, Industry, Trade, and Population, expanded similar to 11 th and 12 th Century Europe!

2. The Beginning of the Population Explosion Limitations on Population Growth Famine, disease, and war were the usual checks on growth. If not directly related to above, these things caused unemployment, marriages postponed, and fewer children. Europe’s population growth was kept fairly low. Fairly high birth rate but also high death rate, growth on average of less than 1%

3. The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century Growth begins 1730-1800! ► Fewer deaths occurred, in part due to the disappearance of the plague. ► Advances in medicine/science did little to decrease the death rate. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics but also better nutrition. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics but also better nutrition. It was a “new world”, war was gentlemanly, roads existed and countryside wasn’t destroyed Better weather for farming in 1700s! Warmer and w/o rain like in 1600s.

4. How much did Population Grow? (1730-1800) ► Overall in Europe 120 million to 190 million ► Prussia and Sweden double their growth ► Spain went from 7.5 to 11 million ► England 5 million to 9 million ► France was the most densely populated country going from 19 million in 1715 to 26 million in 1789. (advantageous during Napoleonic wars)

5. Agriculture and the Land ► The open-field system was the great accomplishment of medieval agriculture. This included keeping some land fallow. But that was inefficient. ► New techniques like soil manipulation, complex rotations, feed crops for livestock, selective breeding helped increase supply. ► This was a spin off of the “enlightenment’s” impact. They applied science and reason to agriculture. ► Many of these changes brought on the desire to enclose the lands and end the open field system. ► Many of these changes brought on the desire to enclose the lands and end the open field system.

6. The Agricultural Revolution ► 1. The use of more complex systems of crop rotation increased cultivation. (lesser % left fallow) ► 2. Grain crops were alternated with nitrogen-storing crops. ( peas, beans, potatoes, grasses) Ex. 10 year rotation in Flanders, HUGE impact on standard of living ► 3. The open-field system was ended by “enclosing” the fields, particularly in England. ► 4. The enclosure movement meant an END to common lands and to the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive. (new methods would NOT be possible with common rights)

7. Selective breeding "Selective breeding" meant bigger livestock and more meat on English tables. This engraving depicts a gigantic champion, one of the new improved shorthorn breed, known as the Newbus Ox. Such great fat beasts were pictured in the press and praised by poets. (Institute of Agricultural History and Museum of English Rural Life, University of Reading) Selective breeding Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. The Low Countries and England ► 1. The Dutch advantage was due to a very dense population. (This led to need for employment and maximum crop yields.) ► 2. Jethro Tull gained fame in experimental agriculture and animal husbandry. (horses, drilling seed, selective breeding) ► 3. By the mid-eighteenth century, English agriculture was in the process of a radical transformation.

9. Enclosure and Agricultural growth Increased population forced increased demand. Half of all English land was enclosed by 1750. (parliament enclosure acts after 1760) Poor classes sold land because they couldn’t afford the cost of enclosure and the open field system came to an end. Many became tenant farmers (renting from aristocrats) or field laborers. Enclosure marked the emergence of market-oriented estate agriculture and of a landless rural proletariat. Efficiency meant larger farms, more crops and more profits especially for the aristocratic owner. Protoindustrialization and Cottage industry take hold to deal with surplus jobless workers.

10. The Growth of the Cottage Industry ► A. The Putting-Out System ► 1. The two main participants in the putting-out system were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker. ► 2. Merchants loaned, or “put out,” raw materials to workers who processed the raw materials and returned finished goods to the merchant. ► 3. The putting-out system grew because it had competitive advantages. (didn’t have strict regulation of guilds, so could use new methods) ► 4. Rural manufacturing did not spread across Europe at an even rate. (began in England before 1500 but then France by 1650)

11. The Textile Industry ► 1. Throughout most of history, the textile industry has employed more people than any other industry. ► 2. Most participants in cottage industry worked in textiles. ► 3. Cottage industry was a family enterprise. (ages 7-70, “spinsters”) ► 4. Relations between workers and employers were often marked by conflict. (“holy Monday”, wage, weight, quality of materials) ► 5. Led to inventions like spinning jenny and Arkwright water frame in 1765 b/c cottage industry in end couldn’t meet demand and population growth.

12. Building the Atlantic Economy ► A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars ► 1. English mercantilism was characterized by government regulations that served the interests both of the state and of private individuals. Mercantilism in other European countries generally served only state interests. ► 2. The Navigation Acts of 1651-1663 were a form of economic warfare against Dutch domination of Atlantic shipping. This gave British merchants and ship owners a near monopoly on trade with Britain’s North American colonies. Also bolstered Britain’s navy!

13. Building Cont. ► 3. After defeating the Dutch, England fought a series of wars with France for maritime domination of the world. ► a. War of the Spanish Succession (1701- 1713) “asiento” and land to Brits ► b. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) c. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) ended with British winning full control over India and North America. (Treaty of Paris = British Empire)

14. "Taking of Quebec City" The French successfully defended their capital from British attack in 1690 and again in 1711. But, as this anonymous color line engraving A View of the Taking of Quebec, September 13, 1759 shows, British troops landed, scaled the cliffs in the dead of the night, and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham above Quebec. The battle gave Britain a decisive victory in the long struggle for empire in North America. (Courtesy of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto) "Taking of Quebec City" Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. Land and Labor in British America ► 1. In Britain’s North American colonies cheap land and scarce labor resulted in the following: ► a. rapid increase in the colonial population in the eighteenth century. (came from England “Indentured”) ► b. import of African slaves to tobacco plantations in southern colonies. (dramatic increase) c. growing prosperity for British colonists. c. growing prosperity for British colonists. (traded w/ west indies, production increases along w/ pop.)

16. The Growth of Foreign Trade ► 1. Britain and especially England profited from the mercantile system. ► 2. As trade with Europe stagnated, colonial markets took up the slack. (colonies, Africa, India) 3. English exports grew more balanced ??? and diverse. (3 continent demand on cottage industry!) 3. English exports grew more balanced ??? and diverse. (3 continent demand on cottage industry!)

17. Caribbean Sugar Mill This painting, from William Clark's Ten Views in the Island of Antigua, 1823, depicts a Caribbean windmill crushing sugar cane whose juice is boiled down in the smoking building next door. (British Library) Caribbean Sugar Mill Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18. The Atlantic Slave Trade ► 1. The forced migration of millions of Africans was a key element in the Atlantic system and western European economic expansion. ► 2. After 1700, Britain was the undisputed leader of the slave trade. ► 3. Increasing demand led to rising prices for African slaves. ► 4. Africans participated in the trade. ► 5. After 1775, a campaign to abolish slavery developed in Britain. (1807 parliament abolished slave trade)

19. Slave ship This drawing from a parliamentary report on slavery shows that the revolting conditions on slave ships sailing to Caribbean and North American ports pale in barbarity beside conditions on the southern route to Brazil, where slaves were literally packed like sardines in a can. Slave ship Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. Revival in Colonial Latin America ► 1. Under Philip V (r. 1700-1746) Spain recovered economically and successfully defended her American colonies. (silver mines, missionaries, Louisiana from french) ► 2. Rising silver exports in the eighteenth century helped create a class of wealthy Creole (American-born white) merchants. ► 3. Creole estate owners dominated much of the peasant population through debt peonage, really a form of serfdom.

21. Forming the Mexican People This painting by an unknown eighteenth-century artist presents a naive but sympathetic view of interracial unions and marriages in colonial Mexico. On the left, the union of a Spanish man and a Native American woman has produced a racially mixed mestizo. The handsome group on the right features a mestizo woman and a Spaniard with their little daughter. (Private Collection) Forming the Mexican People Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

22. Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism ► 1. Smith challenged mercantilist ideas with his defense of free trade and his argument for keeping government interference in the economy to a minimum (The Wealth of Nations [1776]). ► 2. Smith was one of the Enlightenment’s most original thinkers. (Government has only 3 duties! Defense, civil order and justice, public works). ► 3. His work became the basis of the classic argument for economic liberalism and unregulated capitalism.