1. Microscope and Other Tools

2. One of the most important tools is the compound microscope.
Used to see the microscopic world or objects too small for the naked eye.
Plant cells, animal cells and bacteria cells can be observed.
Used to diagnose cancer

3. How does it work?
light passes through a specimen on the stage to form an image.
It can make objects 1000 times its normal size.
light

4. How to determine magnification:
Multiply the eye piece by the objective.
For example if the eye piece is 10X and the objective is 25X, your total magnification is 250X.
10 x 25 =250x
10x
25x

5. What is the total magnification of the following microscopes?
Ocular: 10x
Ocular: 15x
objective: 40x
objective: 100x

6. Parts of the microscope.
1. Ocular lens/eye piece:
Contains a magnifying lens, usually 10x or 15x.

7. Objective lens:
has three different magnifying lenses:
Scanning lens:
magnifies image 4X
Low power:
magnifies 10X
C. High power:
magnifies 40x

8. 3. light source
4. diaphragm: regulates amount of light that passes up towards the eye piece.

9. 5. Base:
support microscope
6. Arm:
supports body tube

10. 7. Stage:
supports slide to be observed.
8. Stage clips:
Holds slide down on stage

11. Nosepiece:
hold objectives, can be rotated.
10. Course Adjustment:
moves body tube in order to focus the image.

12. Fine Adjustment:
moves body tube slightly to sharpen image.
12. Body tube:
keeps proper distance between eye piece and objectives.

14. F
Images viewed under the light microscope are upside down and backwards
This is a compound light microscope view of the letter F placed on a slide in its normal position.

15. Wet Mount Used for to see specimens under a microscope
Step 1: Clean your slide- with filter paper
Step 2: Place slide on flat surface
Step 3: Place specimen in the middle of the slide with forceps
Step 3: Add 1 drop of water with eyedropper *NOT TOO MUCH*

16. **this angle and speed eliminates air bubbles**
Step 4: Holding a cover slip on the sides (see picture ), place the bottom edge along the outer side of the drop of water at a 45° angle 
Step 5: Slowly lower the cover slip.
**this angle and speed eliminates air bubbles**
45°

17. How to clean a wet mount slide:
Over a waste paper basket and using a paper towel, wipe the coverslip and specimen into the garbage bag
Rinse the slide off in sink
Dry off with paper towel
Return to teacher designated area

18. Staining Some specimens cannot be seen by themselves
Staining gives more contrast
Commonly used stains:
Iodine (usually used on plant cells)
Amber in color
Methylene Blue (used on animal cells)
Blue in color

19. Staining Technique Step 1- Prepare a wet mount slide
Step 2- Collect stain with an eye dropper or pipette
Step 3- Put a drop of stain on an outer edge of your cover slide.

20. Step 4- Place a piece of napkin or paper towel against the opposite side of your cover slip, right up against the edge. This will help draw the stain under the cover and across the specimen.

21. Step 5- You may need to add another drop to ensure complete coverage.
Step 6- The slide is now ready for viewing

22. Other important lab techniques
Chromatography
Gel electrophoresis

23. A lab technique used to separate mixtures. Often done on paper
Chromatography
A lab technique used to separate mixtures.
Often done on paper
The chemicals separate based on density.
The solvent is absorbed up the paper,
separating the mixtures place on the paper by the scientist.
Animation:
Solvent moves up paper

24. How paper chromatography works.
Watch the water move up as it is absorbed by the paper.
Separates the chemicals that make up the black dot as it moves.

25. Chromatography of a Leaf

26. 2. Electrophoresis
used to separate molecules such as DNA by size and charge
charged molecules like DNA are placed in an electric field, they migrate toward either the positive or negative pole according to their charge .

27. Put DNA in the wells,
Plug it in
Separates based on size of molecules and charge
DNA has a negative charge, so its attracted to the positive side.
Smaller pieces move further.
Every one’s DNA is unique.
Everyone's DNA separates in a unique pattern.

28. Gel electrophoresis is one way to determine your baby’s momma
Also used to solve crimes (DNA Fingerprinting)
Animation:

29. Electrophoresis pics
The set up