1. Chapter 5 Religious War And State Building

2. France Saw rise of Huguenots (Protestant Calvinists) Made up of many nobility and middle class. Rivaled the Catholic monarchy held by Queen Catherine de Medici. Scattered wars and bloodshed begin in 1562. No strength in the central government.

3. St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

4. Paris,1572 3000 Huguenots killed at wedding celebration 40 000 killed in next few months. Economic devastation ensues. Politiques emerge. Moderates from both sides looking to end the conflict.

5. 1589, Henry IV takes throne. Huguenot and Politique by nature. Converts to Catholicism in a public ceremony. “Paris is worth a mass” Wars soon end after he publishes ‘The Edict of Nantes’. Guarantees Huguenots freedom of worship.

6. Spain Pillar of Catholic strength under Phillip II Built on gold from New World Controlled area of Netherlands, Italy and areas of America Began Spain’s ‘Golden Century’

7. Philip II saw himself as a defender of the faith. Spain would be responsible for the Catholic offensive against Protestantism. Resistance emerges in the Netherlands under William of Orange. Philip sends the Duke of Alba with 10,000 troops to restore order. Heavy taxes were introduced, thousands were killed, and land was taken. Resistance continues.

8. Bruegel, Massacre of the Innocents

9. Dutch Independence Achieved by 1609

10. England Elizabeth I

11. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII Solidified Protestantism in England Supporter of Huguenots in the Netherlands Angered Pope Pius V- excommunicated her from the Church

12. Spanish Armada

13. Philip II orders armada catolica to invade England and bring an end to the Protestant state. 130 ships with 27,000 men sail to England in 1588 Meet Sir Francis Drake in the English Channel with 200 ships. “Protestant Wind” pushes the Armada to unfamiliar waters off of Scotland. One third of Armada never returns to Spain

15. Thirty Years War, 1618- 1648 Fought in mainly in Germany- over 300 political units Began as religious war between Catholic and Lutheran states Both sides sought support from other nations Complicated by France- Catholic state did not support the Catholic reformers because they feared a more unified state to their East

16. War involves all of continental Europe Fought mainly on German soil Brutal methods used- torture, rape, lootings, pillaging of lands. Treaty reaffirms the Peace of Augsburg and adds Calvinism as a legal religion

17. Treaty of Westphalia 1648

18. Witchcraft A strange development occurred in the late sixteenth century respecting witchcraft. Many thousands were sentenced to die as a result of being tried as witches.

19. Persecution of Witches

20. Art & Literature Shakespeare “To be or not to be:that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take up arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them”

21. Rembrandt Famous Dutch painter. Many self portraits. Focus was on civic life of Dutch people.

22. Self Portrait

23. Prodigal Son

24. Young Girl on Window Sill

25. Mannerism El Greco

26. Baroque Movement Ornamentation Appeal to senses J. S. Bach- composer Johann Sebastian Bach

27. Peter Paul Rubens

28. Bacchus

32. Don Quixote

33. Themes of Don Quixote Class and worth Loss of Medieval sense of chivalry Loss of ideals