1. Biology and Memory

3. The Hippocampus

4. Anatomy of Memory Damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia

5. Anatomy of Memory Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories Thalamus, formation of new memories and working memories Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.

6. Memory Deficiency & Memory #9 Explain how biological factors affect ONE cognitive process (memory) Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer Brain

7. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Degenerative brain disease –Symptoms are gradual –Progression is continuous and irreversible Symptoms (2 cognitive symptoms) –Main: memory impairment Attentions, language (speaking/understanding) impaired movement, altered personality –Progression Depression, hallucinations, delusions, loss of sleep and appetite

8. What memory is impacted? Episodic memory! –Less impact: Memory from distant pass Procedural memory less impacted through most of the course of the disease

9. The Brain and AD Temporal Lobe –Main responsibility  Why? –fMRI shows a decrease in activity –Important to episodic memory Stages in Brain change –Temporal Lobe + hippocampus –Parietal lobes –Other regions

10. Acetylcholine & AD AD shows a decrease in acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) –Hippocampus contains high levels of acetylcholine

11. Learning Objective #12 12. Discuss the use of technology in investigating cognitive processes Alzheimer’s and fMRI Hippocampus and fMRI

12. Perception and Biology

13. Each type of sensory receptor takes some sort of external stimulus and converts it into a chemical- electrical message that can be understood by the brain. Perception is based on Sensation!!! Top-Down Perception Incorporate sensation biology with other higher level thinking (memory) Bottom-Up Perception Based on sensation alone

14. Vision: –Receptors  Retina Rods (Light)  night vision Cones (color) –Stimuli  Light Color, depth, pattern, motion Hearing –Receptors Hair cells in inner ear Auditory nerve –Stimuli Sound (Noises & tone)

15. Smell –Receptors Hair cells of olfactory membrane –Stimuli Odors Taste –Receptors Taste buds of tongue –Stimuli Flavors (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) Both usually respond to chemicals

16. Skin Sensation –Receptors Nerve endings in skin –Stimuli Pressure Pain Temperature (warm, cold)