1. Manufacturing Plastics

2. Extrusion
This process can be compared to squeezing toothpaste from a tube. It is a continuous process  used to produce both solid and hollow products that have a constant cross-section. E.g. window frames, hose pipe, curtain track, garden trellis.

3. Thermoplastic granules (below) are fed from a hopper by a rotating screw through a heated cylinder.

4. The die which is fitted to the end of the extruder barrel  determines the cross-section  of the extrusion.

6. Injection Moulding
Injection moulding is a highly automated  production process for producing large quantities of identical items.  Granulated or powdered thermoplastic material is heated, melted and then forced under pressure into a mould.  Once in the mould  the material cools, forming a component that takes on the shape of the mould cavity. This toy saxophone has been made in  high impact polystyrene (HIPS).

7. Plastic powder or granules are fed from a hopper into a hollow steel barrel which usually contains a rotating screw. The barrel is surrounded by a jacket of heaters which melt the plastic material as it is carried along the barrel by the  screw towards the mould. This part of the process is similar to the heating and compacting stages in the extrusion process. The screw is forced back as the melted plastic collects at the end of the barrel . Once a sufficient charge of  melted plastic has accumulated  a hydraulic ram forces the screw forward injecting the thermoplastic through a sprue into the mould cavity.

8. The two part mould shown in the photo below has been machined from high chromium steel (stainless). Moulds like this one cost several  thousand pounds to manufacture. However this can be economic as many thousands of components can be produced from a single mould thus resulting in a low cost per item. Different moulds have to be fitted to the machine whenever a new type of product is required.

10. Blow Moulding
Extrusion blow moulding is an automated  process that is used extensively to make bottles and other lightweight, hollow, parts from thermoplastic materials.

11. The cycle starts with the mould open
The cycle starts with the mould open. A hollow length of plastic, called a parison, is extruded down between the two halves of the mould.
The photo shows one half of a split mould used to produce wheels for children's push along toys.

12. The mould closes and compressed air is blown into the inside of the parison which inflates it, pushing the soft plastic hard against the cold surfaces of the mould.   The plastic is cooled by the mould, causing it to harden quickly.  The mould is then opened, the moulding ejected and the waste (called flash) is trimmed off with a knife.

13. Compression Moulding
This is, historically, the oldest commercial plastics moulding process and is mainly used to make products from thermosetting materials. A combination of heat and pressure is used to change the material's form and chemical structure.

14. The moulds are made in two parts from high chromium steel (stainless)
The moulds are made in two parts from high chromium steel (stainless). Each part of the mould has an attached heater plate and the combination of mould plus heater is mounted on large, heavy steel bases called platens.  In use, one platen is fixed to the bed of the machine and the other is moved by a hydraulic ram to close the mould and apply the pressure. The mould is charged with a measured amount of  powder or granules ready to be compressed.

17. Calendering
Plastic film, sheet and coated materials such as wall paper and fabrics are produced by the calendering process. It involves rolling out a mass of premixed plastics material between large rollers to form a continuous and accurately sized film.

18. The photo shows finished rolls of semi-rigid PVC which will be used to manufacture transparent A4 folder 'pockets'.

20. Rotational Moulding
Rotational moulding is a  process used mainly to manufacture hollow shaped products such as footballs, road cones and storage tanks up to 3m³ capacity.

22. Vacuum Forming
This process is used to manufacture a variety of  products in thermoplastic materials. These
products range in size from garden pond liners to food trays used in supermarkets. A typical
industrial size vacuum forming machine like the one seen below   is capable of producing
vacuum formings up to 1.8m x 1.5m in size.

23. This mould is used for producing part of the interior of lorry cabs.

24. Line Bending
Line or strip bending is used to form straight, small curvature bends in thermoplastic sheet material. The process is quite straight forward. An electric element similar to that in an electric fire, is enclosed in a channel which has an opening at the top. The diagram shows a typical arrangement which can be found in many strip heaters used in schools including at BIS.