1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Structural Complexity

2. Life’s Three Domains 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

3. There are two different types of cells Over time both types have evolved into two structurally different cells Bacteria and archaea consist of prokaryotic cells. All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

4. Structure of Prokaryotic Cells They are small and relatively simple (one- tenth the size of a eukaryotic cell) Does not contain a nucleus DNA is coiled into a nucleoid region rather than being surrounded by a membrane

5. A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall  The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule  Inside the cell are its DNA and other parts Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Ribosomes Prokaryotic flagella Nucleoid region (DNA) Pili

6. Function of Cell Wall Helps cell maintain its shape Protects the cell

7. Function of Capsule Surrounds the cell wall and protects the surface Helps to glue prokaryotes to surfaces

8. Function of Pili Short projections that also help attach prokaryotes to surfaces

9. Function of Flagella These longer projections propel the prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment

10. Prokaryotic Reproduction They reproduce asexually through a process binary fission DNA is copied and cell splits down the center to produce to new cells with identical DNA

12. Prokaryotic cells, Bacillus polymyxa

13. Prokaryotic cell, E. coli

14. Pili on a prokaryotic cell

15. Prokaryotic flagella

16. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared

17. Structure of Eukaryotic Cells They are a lot larger than prokaryotic cells They are more complex than prokaryotic cells They contain a nucleus with membrane bound organelles

18. Cell Membrane Surrounds the cell and controls the flow of material into and out of the cell Porous but selectively permeable Found in all eukaryotic cells

19. Cytoplasm The fluid-filled region between the nucleus and the cell membrane

20. Organelle Structure within a cell that performs a specific function Most are bounded by membranes Endomembrane system

21. Reason for having membranes They allow processes that require different conditions to take place simultaneously in a single cell without effecting each other

22. Organelles of the Endomembrane System

23. What does a factory need in order to run successfully? 1)Control center or main office 2)Packaging department 3)Shipping department 4)Assembling department 5)Power or energy source 6)Clean-up crew 7)Storage

24. The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center The largest organelle is usually the nucleus The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope The nucleus is the cellular control center  It contains the DNA that directs the cell’s activities

25. Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Ribosomes ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NUCLEUS Two membranes of nuclear envelope

26. Ribosomes Small specks found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and are used for protein synthesis

27. Nucleolus Structure found within the nucleus Consists of a mass of DNA, RNA, and proteins Function is to make the ribosomes

28. Nucleolus

29. Endoplasmic Reticulum Network or membranes throughout the cell used to process molecules needed by the cell such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Two Types: Rough ER Smooth ER

30. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Contains ribosomes on its surface which gives it its rough appearance. Used to manufacture proteins and more membrane 1 2 3 4Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome Sugar chain Glycoprotei n Secretory (glyco-) protein inside transport vesicle ROUGH ER Polypeptide Transport vesicles are used to transport molecules to other parts of the cell.

32. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lacks ribosomes Functions to synthesize lipids Helps to regulation carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs

34. Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Camillo Golgi with a compound light microscope Consists of stacks of membranous sacs Receives and modifies products from the ER and then sends them to other parts of the cell (Considered the finishing factory)

35. The Golgi apparatus

36. Lysosome Sacs of digestive enzymes These organelles digest the cell’s food and wastes A defect in this organelle can result in an accumulation of unwanted substances in the body, which can lead to fatality.

37. Lysosomal enzymes  digest food  destroy bacteria  recycle damaged organelles  function in embryonic development in animals

38. LYSOSOMES “Food” Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle

39. Vacuole Organelle used to store vital chemicals, water, and waste products. In plants, vacuoles can store substances that attract pollinating insects, and also contain poisons against plant-eating animals.

40. Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Protist Plant Central Vacuole

41. Mitochondria and Chloroplast Mitochondria – Organelles that make energy from food Chloroplast – Organelle found only in plants and used to convert sunlight into usable energy (Photosynthesis)

42. Cytoskeleton Fibers in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that serve as a supportive framework Made up of three types of fibers 1.Microfilaments – Thinnest 2.Intermediate Filaments – In between thickness 3.Microtubules - Thickest

44. Can a cell be related to a factory? Office Shipping Department Processing Center Custodial Crew Storage Assembling Department Power Source

45. 1. Main Office Nucleus

46. 2. Packaging Department Golgi Apparatus

47. 3. Shipping Department Endoplasmic Reticulum

48. 4. Assembling Department Ribosomes Nucleuolus

49. 5. Clean-up Crew Lysosome

50. 6. Storage Department Vacuole

51. 7. Power Supply Mitochondria Chloroplast