2. Introduction to Cells Cell Theory ~ Cell Organelles ~ Organization

3. Review of Cell Theory Principles of Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life. Cells come only from other living cells.

4. Review of Cell Theory Contributing Scientists Anton von Leeuwenhoek: Invented the microscope and observed tiny living things in water Robert Hooke: Coined the term “cell” after observing that cork consisted of tiny chambers Louis Pasteur: Discovered that cells come only from other living cells

5. Cell Introduction Two types of cells Prokaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

6. Cell Introduction Two types of cells Prokaryotic Cell First cells to evolve No nucleus Hereditary info is contained within cytoplasm – nucleoid region Ex: Archaea, Bacteria

7. Cell Introduction Two types of cells Eukaryotic Cell Evolved from prokaryotes Have a nucleus Hereditary info is contained within the nucleus Ex: Animals, Protists, Fungi, Plants

8. Cell Introduction Cells can only be observed under microscope Two basic types of eukaryotic cells: Animal CellPlant Cell

9. Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibres Strong and rigid In plant cells only Cell wall

10. –Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) –Resist entry of excess water into the cell –Give shape to the cell Cell wall Plant Cell

11. –A dead layer –Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers  freely permeable Cell wall Plant Cell

12. –Lies immediately against the cell wall –Made of protein and lipid –Phospholipid Bilayer –Hydrophobic tails and hydrophylic heads Cell membrane Plant Cell

13. –A living layer –Can control the movement of materials into and out of the cell  Selectively permeable Cell membrane Plant Cell

14. –Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane –Provide a medium for chemical reactions to take place Cytoplasm Plant Cell

15. –Contains organelles: e.g. chloroplast e.g. mitochondrion Cytoplasm Plant Cell

16. Organelles  very small size – can only be observed under electron microscope  has specific functions  in cytoplasm

17. –Contain the green pigment chlorophyll To trap light energy, to make food by photosynthesis Plant Cell Chloroplast

18. –Contain starch grains (products of photosynthesis) Chloroplast Plant Cell

19. –Rod shape –For respiration which provides energy for all cell processes –Powerplant Plant Cell Mitochondrion

20. –Active cells ( eg. sperms, liver cells) have more mitochondria Plant Cell Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )

21. –large central vacuole –Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Plant Cell Vacuole

22. –Control the normal activities of the cell –Bounded by a nuclear membrane –Contains thread-like chromosomes Plant Cell Nucleus

23. –Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes Chromosomes carry genes –genes control cell characteristics Nucleus Plant Cell

24. –The dark in the nucleus Makes RNA for ribosomes Nucleolus Plant Cell

25. Animal cell No cell wall and chloroplast

26. –Helps cell maintain shape –Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Animal Cell Cytoskeleton

27. Animal Cell Centriole –Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart –Only in animal cells

28. Animal Cell Ribosome –Made of proteins and RNA –Protein factory for cells – remember that DNA tells the ribosome which proteins to make to have genetic traits show up

29. Animal Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum –Network of hollow tubes –Smooth ER –Rough ER –Like a highway for transporting

30. Animal Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum –Smooth ER –Makes membrane lipids (steroids) –Regulates calcium (muscle cells) –Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

31. Animal Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum –Rough ER –Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell

32. Animal Cell Golgi Apparatus –Pancake like membrane stacks –Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell

33. Animal Cell Lysosome –Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes –Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

34. Animal Cell

35. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells  Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm  Both have a nucleus  Both contain mitochondria

36. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present

37. Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen granules as food store Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch granules as food store Nucleus near cell wall Differences between plant cells and animal cells

38. Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

39. Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll

40. Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Heart: consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels Leaf: consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

41. Level of Organization  cells (e.g. muscle cells, nerve cells)  tissues (e.g. muscle, epithelium)  organs (e.g. heart, lungs, stomach)  systems (e.g. circulatory system)  organisms (e.g. man)

42. It’s You

43. ~ END ~ ~ END ~