1. Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Nutrients That Provide Energy (Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins) Nutrients That Promote Growth and Regulate Body Functions ©2015 Cengage Learning.

2. What is Energy? Energy is the capacity to work or engage in activity. Examples of work Locomotion & movement Building new tissues Maintaining body temperature Digesting, absorbing, metabolizing food

3. How Much Energy Do You Need? A person’s energy needs are determined by a combination of: –Basal metabolic rate (BMR) –Physical activity –Thermic energy - the amount of energy used to digest food and store/release energy. –Thermic energy burns 10% of your total calories.

4. What is BMR? This is the amount of energy needed to perform involuntary body processes, such as: –Breathing –Blood circulation –Heart beat –Muscle tone –Nerve activity

5. What Factors Affect BMR? Age BMR burns approximately 1 calorie per minute This rate slows by approximately 1% each yearr. after age 25 yrs. Body temperature Cooler environments cause BMR to speed up Nutritional status Body composition Muscle is more active than fat tissue and burns more calories

6. The Basics Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Sodium Vitamins and minerals Water All calories come from these three nutrients

7. Energy Calories= units used to measure energy value in foods. Carbohydrates- 4 calories per gram Proteins- 4 calories per gram Fats- 9 calories per gram.

8. Children’s Energy Needs Young children have a greater need for calories and essential nutrients than do adults because of: –Rapid growth –Faster metabolism –Higher activity levels

9. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: –Yield 4 calories (energy) per gram –Should make up 45 to 65 percent of one’s total daily calories –Consist of two important groups: Starches, such as grains (complex) Sugars found in fruits, vegetables, and milk (simple)

10. Carbohydrates ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

11. Simple Carbohydrates Fructose= honey, fruit, processed into high fructose corn syrup. Glucose= only sugar form that the cells are able to use. Galactose= sugar in milk (including breast milk)

12. Compound Sugars Sucrose- table sugar Found in sugar beets, sugar cane, veggies, fruits, and honey. Sugars in fruit have vitamins, minerals and water. Lactose- milk sugar. Least sweetest sugar ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

13. Complex Carbohydrates Multiple sugar units that are joined together starch= in grains, legumes (peas, peanuts),dried beans,potatoes,corn..... cellulose(fiber)= indigestible, whole grains, nuts, fruits,veggies, glycogen= storage from of glucose in animals & human beings

14. Complex Carbohydrates

15. Fats Fats: –Yield 9 calories (energy) per gram –Should make up no more than 25 to 30 percent of one’s daily calories –Are present in three forms: Saturated (animal-based) Unsaturated (plant-based) Cholesterol (primarily animal-based)

16. Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic Fatty Acid “Omega 6” Linolenic Fatty Acid “Omega 3” Support normal growth & development of brain & nerve tissues. Serve as carriers for important fat-soluble vitamins. Energy for children’s high calorie needs. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

17. Fats Saturated Fats Fats that are solid in room temperature. Clog arteries Beef fat Chicken fats Unsaturated Fats Fats that are liquid in room temperature. Trans-fats: unsaturated fats that have been converted to solid by process called hydrogenation. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

18. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

19. Fats—They’re Everywhere! Not all fat is bad or unhealthy. Fat provides calories for energy. Fat tastes good, it slows digestion, and it makes us feel satisfied longer after a meal. Dietary fats should not be restricted for children younger than two years.

20. Proteins Proteins: –Provide 4 calories per gram –Yield energy, but are used primarily for building body tissue –Rich sources include Fish, poultry, pork, and beef Eggs, cheese, and milk Peanut butter Dried peas, beans, lentils, and soybeans

21. Proteins Yield amino acids Are either complete or incomplete Complete proteins yield all the essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins are lacking one or more essential amino acids.

22. Amino Acids ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

23. Proteins Incomplete proteins can be combined to provide all of the essential amino acids: Supplementary proteins = incomplete protein plus a small amount of complete protein Complementary proteins = two or more incomplete proteins, when combined, form a complete protein

24. Proteins as Regulators Proteins are involved in a variety of regulatory processes: Energy metabolism- getting energy from nutrients Fluid distribution Hormone production- insulin, glucagon

25. How Much Protein Is Needed? Infants:Protein Needed 0 to 6 mo. 9.1 g/day 7 to 12 mo.11.0 g/day Children: 1 to 3 yr.13.0 g/day 4 to 8 yr.19.0 g/day Males: over 18 yr. 56.0 g/day Females: over 18 yr. 46.0 g/day

26. Vitamins Vitamins are needed in small amounts (Table 14-3). Large doses of some vitamins can be toxic. Vitamins are classified as: Water soluble Fat soluble

27. Vitamins Water soluble vitamins: are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily include Vitamin C, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B 6 and B 12, pantothenic acid, folacin, and biotin. Fat soluble vitamins: are stored in the body and can be toxic if consumed in large supplement doses include vitamins A, D, E, and K

28. Vitamins Vitamins support growth Cell division Bone and blood formation Vitamins are involved in regulating body functions Bone development Energy metabolism Neuromuscular function

29. Should Children Take Vitamin Supplements? Families should always check first with the child’s physician. Vitamin supplements provide small amounts of many vitamins, but not always in the amounts required. For example, only 10 percent of a child’s calcium requirement may be met with a vitamin supplement. This may give parents false assurance that children’s intake is adequate.

30. Should Children Take Vitamin Supplements? Vitamin supplements may be helpful for some children who are picky eaters. Essential nutrients, such as protein and fiber, accompany the vitamins found in food sources but are absent in supplements.

31. Minerals Provide no energy Are inorganic substances that are only needed in small amounts Are essential for: building of body tissues (e.g., bone, teeth, blood) regulating body functions (e.g., energy metabolism, neuromuscular function)

32. Bone and Tooth Formation What minerals are required for healthy bone and tooth formation? Calcium Phosphorus Fluoride What food sources supply each of these minerals?

33. Calcium Most children today do not get enough calcium in their diet. What factors may be contributing to this change? What sources other than milk supply calcium?

34. Calcium Factors that increase the absorption of dietary calcium:  adequate vitamin C and D  increased need Factors that decrease the absorption of dietary calcium: ▼ large dose ▼ high dietary fiber ▼ high intake of protein

35. Iron Iron plays a critical role in the formation of blood cells. Inadequate iron can contribute to iron- deficiency anemia. Dietary iron is not well-absorbed by the body. Iron absorption is improved when vitamin C is present in a meal.

36. Water Water plays important roles in the body: Fluid replacement Temperature regulation Building body tissues A child’s need for water is influenced by: Environmental temperature Body surface Activity

37. Childhood Obesity Strategies for addressing children’s weight problems: –Increasing physical activity is often effective –Making healthy dietary changes to include more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lower fat foods –Replacing sugary drinks with water –Being a positive role model –Not using food as a reward or punishment

38. Obesity Trends

40. BMI Calculation Calculate your BMI by going to http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/ and click on the “BMI Tables”. http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/ When you are finished, explore the links listed under “Aim for a Healthy Weight.”

41. Where do we get energy? What foods yield energy? Do all nutrients provide the same amount of energy? What happens when you take in too much energy?