1. States that if the volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas do not change, the pressure also remains constant. The Ideal Gas Law

2.  Equation:  Where P = pressure  V= volume  n = the number of moles of gas in the sample  R = the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol ·K)  T = temperature in degrees Kelvin.

3. Work required for a gas piston In this diagram the pressure exerted by gas is upward and in order to push the piston downward work must be done on the piston.

4. Solving for Work  (where dx is the distance change of the piston)  Since Pressure = Force/Area then Force = Pressure * Area  Therefore the equation can go to:  (where V = volume)  So for a gas, work is the product of the pressure P and the volume V during a change of volume.

5. Temperature Scales: KelvinCelsiusFahrenheit Absolute Zero0-273-459.67 Freezing Point273032 Boiling Point373100212 Equations to change between different units of temperature: Kelvin ↔ Celsius: T c = T k − 273 Fahrenheit ↔ Celsius: T c = (5/9)*(T f − 32) Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit: T f = (9/5)*(T c + 32)

6. Thermal Expansion of Solids & Liquids  If thermal expansion is sufficiently small relative to an object’s initial dimensions, the change in any dimension is, to a good approximation, proportional the temperature change. Suppose an object has an initial length Li along some direction at some temperature and the length increases by an amount ∆L for a change in temperature ∆T.  Because it is convenient to consider the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change, we define the average coefficient of linear expansion as:

7. Thermal Expansion cont.  Experiments show that α is constant for small changes in temperature. For purposes of calculation, this equation is usually rewritten as:  Average volume expansion is very similar:

8. Specific Heat  The specific heat c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.  From this definition: We can relate the energy Q transferred between a sample of mass m of a material and its surroundings to a temperature change ∆T as

9. Energy transferred to a substance during a Phase Change   Where L = Latent Heat (varies by substance/ chart on p.573)  Latent heat of fusion L f is the term used when the phase change is from solid to liquid and latent heat of vaporization L v is the term used when the phase change is from liquid to gas.