1. 8 th Grade Week 4

2. Southern Colonies Coming to America – 1660 – Tobacco prices started to fall, and only the larger plantations were able to maintain strong profits – Larger plantations planting and growing more crops needed more workers – Workers were also needed to clear land and construct homes and churches, as well as for agriculture

3. Southern Colonies – Not all workers came to North America of their own free will – Scottish, English, and Irish prisoners were all sent to the colonies to work for roughly seven years “His Majesty’s seven year passengers” – African rulers often took prisoners from tribal and territorial wars and raids and sold them to European slave traders – Indentured Servants – working for a certain period of time to pay for their voyage to America

4. Southern Colonies Maryland – Was initially an idea of Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) wanting a safe place for Catholics being persecuted in England – 1632, King Charles I gave Calvert a proprietary colony in the Virginia area, but Calvert died before receiving it – Cecilius Calvert inherited this colony and named it Maryland, either after Henrietta Maria or the Virgin Mary

5. Southern Colonies – Calvert never lived in Maryland, he instead sent his two brothers to run the colony in 1634 with 200 settlers – They entered Chesapeake Bay and sailed up the Potomac River, settling at a site named St. Mary’s – Due to the success of tobacco, the colony concentrated on that crop, as well as corn, wheat, and livestock – Baltimore, the colony’s port, quickly became the largest settlement

6. Southern Colonies Aristocrats and Farmers – Lord Baltimore gave relatives and English aristocrats large estates, thus making a strong wealthy class of landowners – Settlers were promised: 100 acres to each male settler, 100 for a wife, 100 for each servant, and 50 for each child – The growing amount of farmland would need indentured servants or enslaved Africans to work on them

7. Southern Colonies Mason-Dixon Line – For years, the Penn family and the Calvert family argued over the actual boundary separating their colonies – 1760s – two British astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, mapped out the line – Each stone had the Penn family crest on one side, and the Calvert family crest on the other

8. Southern Colonies Virginia – Virginia continued to grow and flourish as a colony, with wealthy tobacco farmers taking most of the coastal lands – Newer settlers had to move further inland, often going on to Native American land – 1640s – to avoid conflict, William Berkeley made an arrangement with the Indians, taking land and promising to not push further inland

9. Southern Colonies Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon, wealthy planter, opposed the colonial government run mostly by easterners – Most westerners were unhappy about the arrangement with the Native Americans and moved onto their lands anyway – When they were attacked, they blamed the government in Jamestown for not protecting them

10. Southern Colonies – 1676 – Bacon led an angry mob to attack Native American villages – The mob then marched to Jamestown, set fire to the capital, and drove Berkeley into exile – England sent in troops to restore order and ordered Berkeley back – The Rebellion showed that settlers weren’t happy about restrictions, and a militia was formed to control Native Americans and help open more land

11. Southern Colonies The Carolinas – 1663 – King Charles II created a large proprietary colony south of Virginia; naming it Carolina which is Latin for “Charles’ Land” – The King gave ownership of the colony to eight members of his court that helped him to regain the throne – The proprietors established large estates for themselves and hoped to make money selling or renting the land

12. Southern Colonies – Settlers began to come over in 1670 – By 1680, the town of Charleston was established – John Locke, an English political philosopher, wrote the constitution for the colony Constitution – Plan of government – Locke was mostly concerned about land distribution and social ranking, as well as principles and rights – Did not develop according to plan, two colonies split off

13. Southern Colonies Northern and Southern Carolina – The northern part of the colony was settled primarily by farmers from Virginia, growing tobacco and selling timber and tar – Northern Carolina didn’t have a good harbor, so they had to rely on Virginia for trade – The southern part was more prosperous, with fertile farmland and a good harbor, and the introduction of rice

14. Southern Colonies – 1740s – Eliza Lucas developed indigo, used to dye textiles. This became known as the “Blue Gold” of Carolina Slave Labor – Most of Southern Carolina was inhabited by colonists from the Barbados in the West Indies – They used enslaved Africans for their sugar crops, and brought them along when relocating to the Carolinas

15. Southern Colonies – Most of the slaves worked in the rice fields, which demands much labor – By 1708, more than half of the people living in Southern Carolina were slaves – Angry at their lack of involvement in the colonies, the settlers started to break away from the proprietors – 1719 – settlers in the south seized control – 1729 – became two royal colonies

16. Southern Colonies Georgia – 1733 – Georgia was established; the last of the British colonies – General James Oglethorpe received a charter to create a colony for English debtors and poor people Debtors – those unable to repay their debts – Also served as a barrier between the British colonies and the Spanish colonies

17. Southern Colonies Oglethorpe’s Town – First town established was Savannah – Wanting to keep the colony hardworking, independent and Protestant, Oglethorpe banned large farms, slavery, Catholics, and rum – Instead of attracting debtors, it attracted mostly the poor – Religious refugees from Germany and Switzerland also settled there

18. Southern Colonies The Colony Changes – Settlers were unhappy about the limits of land ownership and the banning on slave labor – Oglethorpe was nicknamed “The Perpetual Dictator” – Eventually, the bans on rum, slavery and large landholdings were lifted – 1751 – Oglethorpe turns the colony back over to the King

19. New France – French founded Quebec in 1608 – The French colonies were mostly concerned with fishing and fur trapping at first, but missionaries and trappers began exploring more – Forts and Trading Posts were built to protect their villages and trades – 1663 – New France becomes a colony under King Louis XIV

20. New France Down the Mississippi River – 1670s – Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the river, hoping it would lead to the Pacific Ocean – Hoped to find gold, silver, and other precious metals – Years later, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle followed the river to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the region around the river for France

21. New France – The territory was named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV – 1718 – New Orleans was built at the mouth of the Mississippi River Growth of New France – Colonies grew very slowly, mostly along the St. Lawrence River – Estate holders would receive more land in exchange for bringing over more settlers

22. New France – Tenant Farmers – Settlers paid their Lord an annual rent and worked for him for a fixed number of days per year – The French had rather peaceful relations with the Native Americans Fur Traders lived and worked with the Natives Missionaries didn’t try to change their customs – French colonies grew so slowly that the Natives were not pushed off of their lands

23. New Spain – Spanish controlled most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central/South America – Determined to protect their colonies, they built forts and stationed soldiers in their territories Missions in California – Missions enabled the Spanish to lay claims – Missionaries often brought Natives by force back to the missions to labor in fields and workshops

24. New Spain – 1769 – Junipero Serra, a Franciscan monk, founded a mission at San Diego Through the next 15 years, he founded 8 other missions along El Camino Real These missions would later become such cities as Los Angeles and Monterey – Serra championed the rights of the Native Americans, working to keep them from being mistreated by army commanders

25. New Spain European Conflicts in North America – France and Great Britain were the two main rivals in Europe during this time – When fighting broke out in Europe, it often broke out in the colonies as well – Wars in Europe and their outcomes would shape the colonies in North America in the many years to come