1. Multilateral Disarmament Negotiation - Focusing on Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty - Jangkeun LEE Director for Disarmament And Non-proliferation

2. Contents 3 3 Outline of the NPT 2 2 Multilateral Disarmament Machinery 4 4 Status of the world Nuclear Forces 5 5 Major Clauses of the NPT 6 6 Korea and the NPT 7 7 Challenges to the NPT Regime Structure of Multilateral Disarmament and Nonproliferation 1 1

3. Definition of Disarmament Disarmament Arms Control Non-proliferation Counter-proliferation the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, and usage of weapons the action or practice of curbing or controlling an excessive, rapid spread Those actions (e.g., detect and monitor, prepare to conduct counter- proliferation operations, offensive operations, weapons of mass destruction, active defense, and passive defense) taken to defeat the threat and/or use of weapons of mass destruction against a country, its military forces, friends, and allies

4. Structure of Multilateral Disarmament and Nonproliferation WMD MissilesConventional Weapons Nuclear Weapons Chemical Weapons Biological Weapons NPT (1970.3) CWC (1997.4) BWC (1975.3) HCOC (2002.11) CCW (1963.12) UN Small Arms PoA IAEA Safeguard Agreement (1971.2) Ottawa Convention (1999.3) Marking Tracing Instrument (2005.7) CTBT (1996.9) NSG/ZC (1978.1) AG (Australian Group) (1985.6) MTCR (1987.4) WA (Wassenaar Arrangement)/1996.7 PSI (Proliferation Security Initiative) UNSCR 1540

5. Multilateral Disarmament Machinery United Nations First Committee UNCD CD Security Council Other UN-led Disarmament Negotiations Other Specialized Agencies IAEA CTBTO OPCW Outside of the Box negotiations

6. What is the NPT? Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons  aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional states  while ensuring fair access to peaceful nuclear technology under international safeguards Two categories of parties to the Treaty  nuclear weapon states (NWS) : US, Soviet Union, UK, France, China - five states that exploded a nuclear device before January 1967 (Article IX-3)  non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) Basic Facts  took effect on March 5 1970  190 state parties (40 original parties in 1970/include DPRK)

7. Timeline of the NPT 1 July 1968 Adoption 5 Mar 1970 Effectuation 11 May 1995 Extension 2000 & 2005 Review Con 2010 NPT RevCon IAEA (July 1957) France test (1960) China test (1964) India test (1974) Pakistan test (1998) DPRK test (2006) Iran case (2003) 9.11 (2001) A.Q.Kahn (2004) Argentina (1995) Brazil (1998) China (1992) France (1992) Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine (1992) South Africa (1991) Libya (2003) 1975 (91) 1980 (112) 1985 (131) 1990 (140) 2000 (187) 2005 (188) 2008(190)

8. Inalienable right of all parties (Article IV) Three Pillars of the NPT ① Nuclear Disarmament (Article VI) 5 Nuclear Weapon States(NWSs) : US, UK, Russia, France, China Article IX-3 : possess nuclear weapon prior to January 1, 1967 Non NPT NWSs : India, Pakistan, Israel ② Nuclear Non-proliferation (Article I, II ) Disarmament vs. Non-proliferation Horizontal proliferation vs. vertical proliferation NAM(Non-aligned Movement) vs. NWSs Safeguards and Verification ③ Peaceful Utilization of Nuclear Energy (Article IV)

9. Major Clauses of the NPT Article I & II : non-proliferation I : Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices. II : Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistant in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

10. Major Clauses of the NPT Article III : Safeguards Each non-nuclear-weapon State party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency's safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfillment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

11. Major Clauses of the NPT Article IV : peaceful utilization Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all Parties to the Treaty to develop, research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty. Year Rep. of KoreaWorldwide No. of NPP Capacity (MWe) Proportion (%) No. of NPP Capacity (10MWe) 1978158.77.421812,096 1990976236.142634,636 200016137240.943036,334 200720177240.043539,224 202028273243.4

12. Major Clauses of the NPT Article VI : Nuclear Disarmament Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. Record of Nuclear Disarmament by NWSs USA Dismantled more than 13,000 nuclear weapons since1988 Russia Reduced more than five fold since 1991 UK Will be reduced by 75 % since the end of the Cold War. France The only NWS having dismantled all its test site facilities.

13. World nuclear forces (as of Jan. 2007) Year of first nuclear testDeployed warhead USA19455045 RUSSIA19495614 UK1952160 FRANCE1960348 CHINA1964145 INDIA197450 PAKISTAN199860 ISRAEL-100 North Korea2006- Total11530 Source : SIPRI 2007 Yearbook - The total US stockpile, including spares and reserves, contains c. 10 000 warheads. - The total Russian stockpile contains c. 15 000 warheads, of which c. 9300 are in storage or awaiting dismantlement. - The nuclear stockpiles of India, Israel and Pakistan are thought to be only partially deployed. - Based on an estimate of its inventory of separated plutonium, North Korea could produce 6 nuclear warheads.

14. The combined inventory of nuclear weapons has fluctuated considerably over the years. Between 1945 and 1986 the total number continued to increase, reaching a peak of approximately 70,000 weapons in 1986. As the Cold War faded and ended, the United States, Russia, Britain and France have reduced their stockpiles. The reduction of Cold War inventories will likely continued for the next decade or so but then level out as the countries determine the size of their post-Cold War stockpiles.

15. Major Clauses of the NPT Article X : withdrawal Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interest of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests. North Korea’s Withdrawal from the NPT Mar.12, 1993 : NK announced its decision to withdraw June.11 1993 : NK suspended the decision one day before Jan.10, 2003 : NK announced withdrawing from the NPT Molnar formula (2003. 2 nd NPT PrepCom)

16. NPT Review Process VIII-3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realized. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty. Year Major Results Year Major Results 1975 Review conferences every five years. Urged NWS to comply with disarmament Dissatisfaction with US-Soviet arms race (91) 1995  Indefinite extension of NPT & 2 Decisions - Strengthening the Review Process for the Treaty -Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non- Proliferation and Disarmament  The resolution on the Middle East (178) 1980 No Final Declaration. Called on US & USSR to ratify SALT II Called for the conclusion of a CTBT(112) 2000 First conference since 1985 to adopt a Final Document The Thirteen Practical Steps (187) 1985 Final Declaration urged expansion of NWFZs and progress on nuclear disarmament. (131) 2005 Deep division between regional & political Groups -the Western Group and Others(WEOG), Eastern Group, NAM, NWSs and NNWSs (188) 1990 No Final Declaration due to disagreement over Article VI and frustration over CTBT negotiations. (140) 2010

17. NPT and the Republic of Korea World’s 6 th Nuclear Power Generator USA(103), France(59), Japan(54), Russia(31), UK(23), Korea(20)  Importance of peaceful utilization of nuclear energy  Korea-USA Nuclear Cooperation North Korean Nuclear Issue  Joined NPT on April 23, 1975 (DPRK: Dec.12, 1985)  Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (1992)  More emphasis on non-proliferation aspect

18. Challenges to the NPT Regime ① Proliferation threat ② Deep division on the priority of the three pillars ③ Nuclear Renaissance ④ Universality ⑤ Other loopholes : withdrawal  Issue of membership of India, Pakistan and Israel  India-USA Nuclear Cooperation  North Korea’s NPT status  Iran’s future course ?  Oil price hike : $10/barrel(1999) → $120 (2008.5)  China, India, Turkey, Jordan, Barain, Indonesia, Vietnam..  Iran and DPRK nuclear issues  New proliferation frontier: terrorist groups and non-state actor(A.Q. Kahn Network)  NWS vs. NNWS

19. Useful Sites International Organizations UNODA(UN Office for Disarmament Affairs) : disarmament.un.org IAEA : iaea.org Research Institutes Arms Control Association : www.armscontrol.org Federation of American Scientists : www.fas.org Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy : www.acronym.org.uk NGOs Nuclear Threat Initiative : www.nti.org WMD Commission : www.wmdcommission.org Global Security Initiative : www.gsinstitute.org

20. Thank you