1. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory Photo image area measures 2” H x 6.93” W and can be masked by a collage strip of one, two or three images. The photo image area is located 3.19” from left and 3.81” from top of page. Each image used in collage should be reduced or cropped to a maximum of 2” high, stroked with a 1.5 pt white frame and positioned edge-to-edge with accompanying images. Sam Arden 1 and Cissy Ma 2 1 University of Florida Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment 1 ; 2 National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA Emergy Analysis of the Urban Water System

2. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Urban Water Management – What’s the Problem? Figure Source: http://waterbydesign.com.au/wp-content/uploads/drupals/IWCM-sml.jpg 1

3. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Approaches 2

4. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Approaches Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) 3

5. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Approaches Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) 4

6. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Approaches Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Total Water Cycle Design (TWCD) 5

7. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Approaches Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Total Water Cycle Design (TWCD) Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) 6

8. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Central Themes of an Integrated Approach (adapted from Marlow et al., 2013) Seek to establish a more natural water cycle Utilize concepts of local source diversification to increase system security and resilience Improve resource efficiency Source: Marlow et al., 2013 7

9. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency No longer a question of why, but how 8

10. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Barriers to Implementation Source: Arthur, 1994; Speers and Mitchell, 2000; Foxon, 2002; Kennedy et al., 2007; Wong and Brown, 2008; Brown et al., 2009; Brown and Farrelly, 2009; Brown et al., 2011; Moglia et al., 2012; Marlow et al., 2013 Complex systems Investment in conventional approaches Institutional and/or technological ‘lock in effect’ Lack of information, knowledge and understanding in applying integrated, adaptive forms of management Quantification of resource efficiency Option identification and assessment No long-term vision, strategy Lack of political and public will Lack of objective and holistic evaluation methodologies Economics, of the monetary sort Practical challenges associated with day-to-day management of new and innovative solutions Difficulty in accounting for non-monetary costs and benefits Unintended Consequences Predicting effects on the larger system Institutional Bias 9

11. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency An Integrated Sustainability Framework Xue et al., 2015. Critical insights for a sustainability framework to address integrated community water services: Technical metrics and approaches DimensionTool Human HealthRisk assessment tools, Life cycle impact assessment EconomicLife cycle cost analysis, Triple bottom line reporting EnvironmentalFootprints, Life Cycle Assessment, Emergy ResilienceLiterature review, combinations of human health and environmental tools 10

12. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency An Integrated Sustainability Framework Xue et al., 2015. Critical insights for a sustainability framework to address integrated community water services: Technical metrics and approaches DimensionTool Human HealthRisk assessment tools, Life cycle impact assessment EconomicLife cycle cost analysis, Triple bottom line reporting EnvironmentalFootprints, Life cycle assessment, Emergy ResilienceLiterature review, combinations of human health and environmental tools 11

13. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Barriers to Implementation Source: Arthur, 1994; Harremoes, 1997; Speers and Mitchell, 2000; Foxon, 2002; Kennedy et al., 2007; Wong and Brown, 2008; Brown et al., 2009; Brown and Farrelly, 2009; Brown et al., 2011; Moglia et al., 2012; Marlow et al., 2013; Mirchi et al., 2014 Complex systems Investment in conventional approaches Institutional and/or technological ‘lock in effect’ Lack of information, knowledge and understanding in applying integrated, adaptive forms of management Quantification of resource efficiency Option identification and assessment No long-term vision, strategy Lack of political and public will Lack of objective and holistic evaluation methodologies Economics, of the monetary sort Practical challenges associated with day-to-day management of new and innovative solutions Difficulty in accounting for non-monetary costs and benefits Unintended Consequences Predicting effects on the larger system Institutional Bias 12

14. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Emergy Analysis – past analyses Water Supply – one study included distribution system, few include infrastructure Wastewater – none looking at collection system or infrastructure Stormwater – mostly process (e.g. wetland) specific analyses Whole system – nothing 13

15. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Urban Water Infrastructure Use LCI generated for baseline water and wastewater treatment technologies within the Cincinnati region. DWTP data provided by Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW) and WWTP data provided by Municipal Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (MSD) Source: MSD, 2010. Sustainability Report 14

16. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Case Study: LCI Functional unit: –Drinking water: m 3 finished water delivered to consumer –Wastewater: m 3 of wastewater treated Unit processes based on data received from project partners ParameterunitGCWW DWTPMSDGC WWTP Year of Inventory2011 Year Plant Built19061959 Annual Volume Treatedm³123,560,247157,615,342 Distribution/Collection Network Pipingkm5,0452,731 Geographic Area Servedkm²--344 Number of People Servedppl.724,000518,000 Assumed Building, Tank and Pipe Lifetimeyr100 Assumed Pump and Motor Lifetimeyr25 15

17. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Treatment Plant 16

18. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wastewater Treatment Plant 17

19. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Lick Run as a Framework Source: MSD, 2010. Sustainability Report 18

20. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: DWTP, WWTP Annual Inputs GCWW DWTPMSDGC WWTP sej/yr sej/m ³ sej/yr sej/m ³ Plant Inputs1.01E+208.14E+118.21E+195.21E+11 Plant Infrastructure1.34E+191.08E+112.32E+191.47E+11 Distribution/Collection Inputs3.36E+192.72E+111.58E+191.01E+11 Distribution/Collection Infrastructure6.55E+195.30E+112.28E+191.44E+11 Total without Distribution/Collection1.14E+209.23E+111.05E+206.68E+11 Total with Distribution/Collection2.13E+201.72E+121.44E+209.13E+11 19

21. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: DWTP, WWTP Annual Inputs GCWW DWTPMSDGC WWTP sej/yr sej/m ³ sej/yr sej/m ³ Plant Inputs1.01E+208.14E+118.21E+195.21E+11 Plant Infrastructure1.34E+191.08E+112.32E+191.47E+11 Distribution/Collection Inputs3.36E+192.72E+111.58E+191.01E+11 Distribution/Collection Infrastructure6.55E+195.30E+112.28E+191.44E+11 Total without Distribution/Collection1.14E+209.23E+111.05E+206.68E+11 Total with Distribution/Collection2.13E+201.72E+121.44E+209.13E+11 20

22. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: Water Treatment and Supply 21

23. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: DWTP, WWTP GCWW DWTP 1.72E+12 sej/m 3 MSDGC WWTP 9.13E+11 sej/m 3 22

24. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: Water Treatment and Supply 23

25. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: Distribution System 24

26. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Base Case Results: Collection System 25

27. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Systems Framework - Water DWTP Surface Water Ground Water Ohio River 2.8 Water = Mm³/yr Distri- bution Collection WWTP Indoor Potable Indoor Nonpotable Outdoor 13.2 2.3 0.45 0.37 0.60 1.4 0.97 1.4 7.2 2.6 4.7 1.1 4.6 5.7 3.1 4.2 Built Environment Natural Environment 0.45 Imp. Surf Green Space 7.4 Ohio River Sun/ Wind Rain Food NR Nonrenewable Inputs Partially Renewable Inputs Renewable Inputs a) 26

28. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Systems Framework - Emergy Ohio River DWTP Sun/ Wind Rain Ohio River Food NR 11 Water Emergy = E+17sej/yr Distri- bution Collection WWTP Indoor Potable Indoor Nonpotable Outdoor 2.6 Built Environment Natural Environment 1.5 1715 924 1051 65 Non-Water Emergy = E+17sej/yr 43 6.8 11 25 1068 25 0 10 18 218 902 8 8 18 Imp. Surf Green Space Surface Water Ground Water 18 28 Nonrenewable Inputs Partially Renewable Inputs Renewable Inputs b) 27

29. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Future Work – Methodology Problem #1 (or my Chapter 2) 28

30. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Increase Component Efficiency Increase System Efficiency Mimimize N inputs Utilize R inputs Future Work – How to Improve the UWS (or my Chapter 4) 29

31. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Conclusions – Answer to ‘How’? DimensionTool Human HealthRisk assessment tools, Life cycle impact assessment EconomicLife cycle cost analysis, Triple bottom line reporting EnvironmentalFootprints, Life Cycle Assessment, Emergy ResilienceLiterature review, combinations of human health and environmental tools 30

32. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Acknowledgements Support for the Assessment of Cincinnati Regional Water Technology Innovations provided by the Cincinnati EPA Water Technology Innovation Cluster. Thank you to Maria Meyer (GCWW) and Scott Maring (MSD) for collaboration support. Graduate research funding provided by EPA’s National Network for Environmental Management Studies (NNEMS) Fellowship Program Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of this presentation. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Links to non-EPA websites do not imply any official EPA endorsement of or a responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data, or products presented at those locations or guarantee the validity of the information provided. 31

33. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory & National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Thank you! For questions and/or comments please contact: Sam Arden, sarden@ufl.edu Cissy Ma, ma.cissy@epa.gov 32