1. Introduction to Genetics The study of heredity: how genetic factors are passed down from one generation to the next

2. His experiments with pea plants laid the foundations of the science of genetics His experiments with pea plants laid the foundations of the science of genetics

3. Male part (Stamen/Anther): produces pollen Female part (Stigma) : where fertilized egg will become a seed Female part (Stigma) : where fertilized egg will become a seed

4. Mendel cross-pollinated a purple plant with a white plant 1.the anthers must be removed from plant 1 to prevent self- pollination. 2.Pollen from the stamen of plant 2 is transferred to the stigma of plant 1

5. He found all the offspring produced purple flowers. What happened to the white flower trait?

6. Mendel found the same pattern with many other pea plant traits.

7. The combination of alleles received from your parents make up your genotype Genotype: the actual alleles of an individual Genotype: the actual alleles of an individual Represented by a pair of letters Represented by a pair of letters Dominant: trait that appears when that allele is present Dominant: trait that appears when that allele is present Recessive: trait only appears when both alleles are recessive Recessive: trait only appears when both alleles are recessive Homozygous: when both alleles are the same (PP or pp) Homozygous: when both alleles are the same (PP or pp) Heterozygous: when there are two different alleles (Pp) Heterozygous: when there are two different alleles (Pp) p This Genotype is pp It is Homozygous recessive

8. P generation: Parental generation; always True-breeding, or “pure-bred” True Breeding: both parents are homozygous for a trait

9. F1 generation: First Filial Generation; offspring of P gen, always hybrids Hybrid: Hybrid: any offspring resulting from the breeding of true breeds (heterozygous)

10. PPpp pPppPp pPppPp pPppPp pp x pPppPp

11. Mendel made the F2 generation by crossing plants from F1 together. He found 3 purple flowers for every 1 white flower.

12. Question 1: If you cross two yellow seed pea plants together you may get offspring with yellow seeds and green seeds. If you cross two yellow seed pea plants together you may get offspring with yellow seeds and green seeds. If you cross two green seed pea plants together you will always only get offspring with green seeds. If you cross two green seed pea plants together you will always only get offspring with green seeds. WHY?? WHY??

13. Question 2: True or False: Dominant traits will show up more frequently in a population. True or False: Dominant traits will show up more frequently in a population.

14. Mendel’s Law of Segregation explains how genes are passed to the next generation. Alleles are segregated into separate egg cells and sperm cells. Each reproductive cell will pass on ONE of the alleles. Alleles are segregated into separate egg cells and sperm cells. Each reproductive cell will pass on ONE of the alleles. New pairs of genes are created for the next generation during fertilization New pairs of genes are created for the next generation during fertilization

15. Because of sexual reproduction, you are a product of your mom’s genes and your dad’s genes

16. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. Each gene is the DNA code for making a specific protein. The proteins give you your trait.

17. The alternate forms of genes are called alleles. You always get two alleles for a trait. CONCEPT CHECK: Why dies each person get two alleles for each trait?

18. The combination of alleles for a specific trait are called the genotype. This is represented by two letters. Pp

19. If both alleles are the same, then they are homozygous. If they are different, they are called heterozygous. http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/genome/dna2.cfm

20. Sometimes, one allele is expressed as a trait and the other isn’t. The dominant allele is expressed and the recessive allele is not.

21. The observable trait is called the phenotype. The phenotype is a result of the genotype. P p

22. Genetics Terminology Practice If the allele for brown coat color (B) is dominant to the allele for white in rabbits, what are the possible genotypes for brown rabbits? If the allele for brown coat color (B) is dominant to the allele for white in rabbits, what are the possible genotypes for brown rabbits? Explain why there is only one possible genotype for white rabbits? Explain why there is only one possible genotype for white rabbits?

23. Genetics Terminology Practice The allele for producing pigments in humans is dominant (P) to the allele for not producing pigment (p). People who do not have the pigment allele are considered albino. What are the phenotypes for the following genotypes? The allele for producing pigments in humans is dominant (P) to the allele for not producing pigment (p). People who do not have the pigment allele are considered albino. What are the phenotypes for the following genotypes? Pp:PP:pp:

24. Genetics Terminology Practice Is it possible for two albino parents to have children with normal skin pigmentation? Is it possible for two albino parents to have children with normal skin pigmentation? Is it possible for two parents with normal skin pigmentation to have an albino child? Is it possible for two parents with normal skin pigmentation to have an albino child? Explain: Explain:

25. P pppp Offspring Genotypes If you know your genotype for a specific trait, you can predict the traits of your offspring! Use a Punnett Square.

26. A wild-type fruit fly was heterozygous for gray body color and it was mated with a black fruit fly. A wild-type fruit fly was heterozygous for gray body color and it was mated with a black fruit fly. The dominant (G) and Recessive (g) The dominant (G) and Recessive (g)

27. How to Solve a genetics problem 1. Read the problem 2. Take notes: _____=Gray body _____=Gray body _____=black body _____=black body 3. Box the parent descriptions: Heterozygous gray body Heterozygous gray body Black body Black body 4. Determine the genotypes of the parents (_, _) 5. Fill in the Punnett square and solve

28. G g gggg Heterozygous X black Gray (Gg) (gg) Genotype probabilities : Gg=50%, gg=50% Phenotype probabilities : gray bodies=50%, black bodies=50%

29. Situation: A client wants to buy pure bred black puppies from your dog. This means your dog must be pure black to make pure bred puppies. How can you tell if your black lab is BB or Bb? How can you tell if your black lab is BB or Bb?

30. Conduct a test cross and breed it with a brown lab (homozygous recessive) to find out and examine the traits of the puppies. These puppies are not for sale, but give you important information about your dog.

31. Practice Makes Perfect Now practice using the terminology and Punnett Squares to determine possible traits Now practice using the terminology and Punnett Squares to determine possible traits