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Biodiversity Ch. 10 Notes
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Definition: Biodiversity Bio = life Diversity = variety Variety of species in an area However, many species are unknown to humans Deep oceans, jungles, volcanoes
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Levels of Diversity 3 types: 1.) Species diversity Variety of species 2.) Ecosystem diversity Variety of habitats 3.) Genetic Diversity Variety of genes
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Genetic Diversity Variety of genes and traits A few will survive new / changing conditions Evolution: some traits will be “best” and passed on Helps with survival
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Species Diversity Number of different species, and their abundance Fills and replaces niches Greatest at the equator, decreasing toward the poles
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Ecosystem Diversity Variety of ecosystems / biomes / habitats Different conditions support different species Allow for different tolerances
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Benefits of Biodiversity 1. Ecosystem stability Replacements / alternatives Keystone species show the importance of stability Ex.) Kelp in the Pacific Ocean 2. Species Survival Prevent a bottleneck and losing genes 3. Economic value Harvest / use Use “best” individual or trait (Table 1) Pg. 243 4. Aesthetic value/Ethical Value It’s “nice” or it’s the “right” thing to do Ecotourism is a big part of this 5. Scientific value
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Biodiversity at Risk: 10.2 Extinction 2 Types: 1.) Background extinction Slow, gradual More common in small habitats and islands 2.) Mass extinction Lots of species in a short time Due to major disasters, continental drift, climate change
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Extinction Occur occasionally 444 mya, 360 mya, 251 mya, 200 mya, 65 mya One may be occurring now Extinction rate is 1,000 times greater than normal
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Species Prone to Extinction: Rats are not likely to go extinct…why? 2 types prone to extinction: 1.) Endangered : likely to become extinct if nothing is done 2.) Threatened : likely to become endangered if no measures are taken Table 3, Pg. 246
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Factors that Threaten Biodiversity 1.) Overexploitation Too much use Usually Value Ex.) The Lorax Over hunting as well Poaching : illegal hunting of Even though illegal many reasons why it still happens
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Continued… 2.) Habitat Loss : Destruction Cleared for farms or houses Disruption Organism removed Food web interrupted / lost
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Continued… 3.) Habitat Fragmentation Broken into “islands” Creates many edges that can be hard to live in
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Continued… 4.) Pollution : Toxins Can affect all organisms Often magnified as you move up the food chain Ex.) DDT -illegal here not illegal in other countries
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Pollution Continued… Acid rain Dissolves nutrients out of soil Eutrophication Fertilizers drain into water and help algae take over
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Continued… 5.) Introduced Species : Prey on, or out-compete, many existing species Ex.) Zebra mussels, kudzu (U.S.) Almost ~40% of all extinctions since 1750 have come from introduced species
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Areas of Concern Hot spots (Pg. 250) Special protections due to lots of biodiversity Many endemic species found only there (Jungles) Rainforests, coral reefs, Islands Why?
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Protecting Biodiversity: 10.3 Protected areas Parks, preserves, zoos Captive-breeding programs: Breeding-in captivity Ex.) California Condor 9 left now over 160 Preserving Genetic Material: Germ-plasm : genetic material Used for future animal survival
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Legal Protections for Species: US laws: 1973: Endangered Species act (Tb. 4, Pg. 255) 2002 : 983 species were on endangered species list 4 different provisions: We will talk about each
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Endangered Species act 1.)US fish and wildlife Service: Must compile a list of endangered species 2.) Endangered species may not be caught or killed No selling or trading any part of an endangered species 3.) Federal Gov’t cannot carry out a project that jeopardizes endangered animals 4.) Must prepare a species recovery plan
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International Cooperation: International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Collaboration of many groups Publish red list of endangered species
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Private Conservation Efforts: 1.) World Wildlife Fund Sustainable use 2.) Nature Conservancy Protect and buy habitat 3.) Conservation International Identify hotspots 4.) Greenpeace International Organize confrontational activities
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How do they help? International Trade and Poaching: CITES Treaty : Introduced to stop slaughter of elephants Banned sale and trade of ivory saving elephants from extinction Earth summit: 1992 in Rio de Janeiro 100 world leaders, 30,000 occupants Biodiversity treaty : preserve biodiversity and sustain the fair use of genetic resources
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Restoring Biodiversity Bioremediation Use living things to clean up pollution Bacteria, fungi Ex.) Oil spills, mine contamination Bioaugmentation Adding predators to limit one population Opens up the habitat for other species Ex.) Ladybugs/ Aphids
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