1. Vertebrates Fish

2. Phylum Chordata Vertebrates Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Endoskeleton (bones) Endoskeleton (bones) Closed circulatory system Closed circulatory system Complex brains and sense organs Complex brains and sense organs Efficient respiratory systems Efficient respiratory systems

3. Fish Ectothermic Ectothermic –cold blooded –Body temperature same as surroundings M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

4. Section 30.1 Summary – pages 793-802 A Bony Fish Lateral line system Swim bladder Scales Gills Fins Kidney Urinary bladder Reproductive organ Stomach Intestine Liver Heart M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

5. Protection by Deception

6. = Nervous system Lateral line M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

7. –External in most –Female deposits eggs –Male spreads sperm over eggs Reproduction M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

8. Gills remove oxygen from water by diffusion Gills remove oxygen from water by diffusion Respiration Gill Filaments Water Water Artery Vein Capillary networks in filament M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

9. Fishes have two-chambered hearts Heart Gills Aorta Capillarynetwork M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

10. Swim bladder, like balloon, lets air in or out to keep fish at any level in the water. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

11. Vertebrates Amphibians

12. Amphibians Ectothermic Ectothermic –Cold-blooded –Body temperature same as surroundings M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

13. Frogs and Toads

14. Digestion Mouth  esophagus  stomach  small intestine  large intestine  cloaca Mouth  esophagus  stomach  small intestine  large intestine  cloaca Enzymes (proteins) in stomach digest food Enzymes (proteins) in stomach digest food Liver makes bile Liver makes bile –Bile breaks down fats –Stored in gall bladder Nutrients absorbed in small intestine Nutrients absorbed in small intestine Water absorbed in large intestine Water absorbed in large intestine M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

16. Excretion –Kidneys filter wastes from blood. –Wastes stored in bladder. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

17. Nervous Sense of smell, sight, and hearing Sense of smell, sight, and hearing Sense organs  nerves  brain Sense organs  nerves  brain Tympanum – hearing Tympanum – hearing M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

18. Reproduction Sexual (requires egg and sperm) Sexual (requires egg and sperm) Must have water Must have water External fertilization External fertilization Eggs are laid and fertilized in water Eggs are laid and fertilized in water Eggs do not have protective shell Eggs do not have protective shell M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

20. Metamorphosis Fertilized egg Fertilized egg Tadpole with gills Tadpole with gills Tadpole with limbs and gills Tadpole with limbs and gills Young frog with tail Young frog with tail Adult frog Adult frog M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

21. A Frog Eyes Tympanic membrane Tongue Lungs Legs Vocal cords Intestine Fat bodies Backbone M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

22. Respiration Diffusion through skin (main way) Diffusion through skin (main way) Smooth skin must stay moist Smooth skin must stay moist Tadpoles in water have gills Tadpoles in water have gills Adults living on land have lungs Adults living on land have lungs M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

23. Locomotion –Appendages (parts attached to body) Support –Skeleton M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

24. Circulation Three- chambered heart Three- chambered heart Left atrium, right atrium, one ventricle Left atrium, right atrium, one ventricle O 2 in →CO 2 out O 2 into cells → CO 2 out of cells M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

25. Oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium. Oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium. Oxygen-poor blood from body enters right atrium. Oxygen-poor blood from body enters right atrium. Blood mixed in ventricle and then pumped to body and lungs. Blood mixed in ventricle and then pumped to body and lungs. Less efficient than a four chambered heart. Less efficient than a four chambered heart. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

26. Vertebrates Reptiles

27. Reptiles Ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

28. Four Major Advantages Over Amphibians 1.Reptiles do not need water to keep skin moist. They have dry skin with scales They have dry skin with scales Reptiles can live away from water Reptiles can live away from water Increases number of places reptiles can live Increases number of places reptiles can live M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

29. 2. Reptile legs are under body. Better able to move on land. Better able to move on land. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

30. 3. Internal fertilization Egg is fertilized by sperm inside female Egg is fertilized by sperm inside female Increases chance that fertilization will happen Increases chance that fertilization will happen M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

31. 4.Reptiles can lay their eggs on the land. They have an amniotic egg. Amnion Shell Yolk Alantois Chorion M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

32. Amniote egg (Amniotic egg) Provides self-contained environment for embryo Provides self-contained environment for embryo Covered by hard shell Covered by hard shell Amnion – holds and cushions embryo Amnion – holds and cushions embryo Yolk sac – food source Yolk sac – food source Allantois – wastes collected and stored Allantois – wastes collected and stored Chorion – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Chorion – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

33. Vertebrates Birds

34. Birds Endothermic Endothermic –Warm-blooded –Body temperature usually remains about the same M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

35. The shape of a bird’s beak or bill gives clues to the kind of food the bird eats. Seeds Meat Insects M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

36. What food is this bird adapted to eat? M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

37. What food are these birds adapted to eat? Pelicans feeding on fish M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

38. Digestion –Crop – stores food –Gizzard –grinds food Rapid burning of food needed to produce a lot of energy for flight. Rapid burning of food needed to produce a lot of energy for flight. Shape of beak Shape of beak determines food source determines food source Mouthesophaguscropgizzardintestinecloaca M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

39. Excretion Kidneys Kidneys Filter uric acid from blood Filter uric acid from blood No bladder for storage of urine No bladder for storage of urine Solid and liquid excreted together Solid and liquid excreted together M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

40. Nervous Brain Brain Cerebrum – muscle control and behavior Cerebrum – muscle control and behavior Cerebellum – balance and coordination Cerebellum – balance and coordination Optic lobe – vision, very good Optic lobe – vision, very good M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

41. Behavior Territorial Defends nest Defends nest M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

42. Mating (Courtship behavior) Males use song, dance, and colorful plumage (feathers) to attract females. Males use song, dance, and colorful plumage (feathers) to attract females. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

44. Ostrich Courtship

45. Bird Courtship

46. Migration Movement of organisms from one place to another and back again Movement of organisms from one place to another and back again Movement in response to a stimulus (length of day, weather, lack of food) Movement in response to a stimulus (length of day, weather, lack of food) M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

47. Migration

48. Nesting Innate behavior Innate behavior Born knowing how to do Born knowing how to do M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

49. Nesting

50. Reproduction Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Amniotic egg Amniotic egg M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

51. Respiration Lungs and air sacs Lungs and air sacs Air sacs provide extra oxygen Air sacs provide extra oxygen Trachea Anterior air sacs Lung Posterior air sacs Anterior air sacs M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

52. Support Lightweight skeleton Lightweight skeleton Hollow bones Hollow bones M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

53. Circulatory Four-chambered heart Four-chambered heart most efficient most efficient Blood from body (little oxygen) and lungs (a lot of oxygen) not mixed. Blood from body (little oxygen) and lungs (a lot of oxygen) not mixed. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

54. Vertebrates Mammals

55. Mammals Endothermic vertebrates Endothermic vertebrates Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms –24 hour (day and night) cycle of behavior Body hair Body hair Nurse young Nurse young Four-chambered heart Four-chambered heart Diaphragm for breathing Diaphragm for breathing M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

56. Intro to Mammals

57. Placental mammals Fully developed at birth Fully developed at birth Protected and nursed by mothers Protected and nursed by mothers Gestation period Length of time for embryo to develop Length of time for embryo to develop M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

58. Polar Bears

59. Development Fertilization  zygote  embryo  fetus  newborn (baby) Fertilization  zygote  embryo  fetus  newborn (baby) M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

60. Mammal behavior Territorial Space to live, reproduce, and find food Space to live, reproduce, and find food Marked by scent (pheromones) Marked by scent (pheromones) Defend against intruders Defend against intruders M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

61. Seek shelter to survive cold and lack of food Seek shelter to survive cold and lack of food Slow down body functions and rely on stored fat Slow down body functions and rely on stored fat Hibernation M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

62. Grizzly Bear

63. Grey Wolves and Dominance Hierarchy

64. Communication Scent-marking Scent-marking Visual display Visual display Sound Sound (pheromones) M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.

65. Extra Studying The following chapters were cover in this PowerPoint, but it may be to your benefit to go and either read or re-read the follow chapters in your text book for better understanding of the topics covered in this PowerPoint. The following chapters were cover in this PowerPoint, but it may be to your benefit to go and either read or re-read the follow chapters in your text book for better understanding of the topics covered in this PowerPoint. C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS.

66. Bibliography M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 30: N ONVERTEBRATES C HORDATES, F ISH, AND A MPHIBIANS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 31: R EPTILES AND B IRDS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL. M ILLER, K. R., & L EVINE, J. S. (2005). C HAPTER 32: M AMMALS. P RENTICE H ALL BIOLOGY (N ORTH C AROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). U PPER S ADDLE R IVER, N.J.: P RENTICE H ALL.