1. Sang-Whan In National Institute of Scientific Investigation Southern District Office Drug-Facilitated Crime

2. What is Drug-Facilitated Crime ?  Drug-Facilitated Crime is any crime that involves the use of drugs (including alcohol)  to intentionally impair another person from asserting themselves or their needs  for the purpose of sexually and/or physically assaulting, robbing, or otherwise perpetrating interpersonal violence

3.  Drug-facilitated sexual assault - Predatory Drug, Date-rape drug  Drug-facilitated robbery

4. The Problem of Drug-Facilitated Crime  These Crime can be difficult to prosecute or even recognize -Victims may not be aware of ingested a drug at all -Due to memory problems, the victim may not be aware of the attack until 8-12 hours after it occurred -The drugs are metabolized quickly, so there may be little physical evidence to support the claim that the drugs were used to facilitate an assault

5. Drug Classification  Central Nervous System Depressants -sedatives, hypnotics  To alter a victim’s behavior and cause anterograde amnesia  Alcohol  Benzodiazepines : Flunitrazepam, lorazepam  Non-Benzodiazepines : Zolpidem  Ketamine  Doxylamine  GHB

6. Flunitrazepam  a powerful hypnotic benzodiazepine derivative  Rohypnol, 달마돔  Pharmacological and Side Effect - Drowsiness, Loss of motor control, Dizziness - Lack of coordination, Slurred speech - Amnesia, Confusion - Gastrointestinal disturbances - Respiratory depression in higher doses  Onset : 15~20min., Peak : 1~2hrs.  Duration : 8~12hrs.

7. Criminal Case of Flunitrazepam  Drug-facilitated sexual assault in hotel  The residue in cup was analyzed by GC/MS

8. Lorazepam  potent, short-to-medium duration action benzodiazepine  Ativan  pharmacological and side properties are similar to those of Flunitrazepam and render it an effective antianxiety agent  Onset : 15~20min., Peak : 30~45min.,  Duration : 6~12hrs.

9. Criminal Case of Lorazepam  Drug-facilitated robbery  Spiked drink was analyzed by GC/MS

10. GC/MS/MS DATA

12. Ketamine  general dissociative anesthetic for human and veterinary use  a tranquilizer most commonly used on animals  a clear liquid and a white or off-white powder form  The liquid form can be injected, consumed in drinks, or added to smokable materials.  Ketamine, Special "K"  Pharmacological and Side Effect - d elirium, amnesia, depression, and - long-term memory and cognitive difficulties  Onset : 15 sec.~20min., Peak : 15min.~2hrs.  Duration : 1~3hrs.

13. Criminal Case of Ketamine  Drug-facilitated sexual assault in Car  Victim’s urine was analyzed by GC/MS Norketamine Ketamine

14. Norketamin e Ketamine

15.  Victim’s blue jeans were analyzed by GC/MS

16. Doxylamine  the most effective over-the-counter sedative  one of the many sedating antihietamines used by itself as a short-term sleep-aid  Doxylamine, 잘덴  Side Effect - Drowsiness - dry mouth, ataxia, urinary retention

17. Criminal Case of Doxylamine  Drug-facilitated sexual assault and robbery  Spiked drink and Victim’s urine were analyzed by GC/MS Spectrum

18. Zolpidem  a powerful short-acting hypnotic imidazopyridine derivative  Zolpidem, Stilnox  Side Effect - Anterograde Amnesia - Hallucination, through all physical senses, of varying intensity - Somnambulism - Ataxia, poor motor coordination  Zolpidem is extensively metabolised with only 1% of the drug excreted unchanged

19. Criminal Case of Zolpidem  Drug-facilitated sexual assault  Drug-facilitated sexual robbery  Spiked drink, urine, and blood were analyzed by GC/MS or GC/MS/MS

20. Spiked drink Zolpidem

21. Victim ’ s urine Zolpidem

22.  Zolpidem is extensively metabolised with only 1% of the drug excreted unchanged

23. GC/MS/MS DATA Victim ’ s urineVictim ’ s blood

24. GC/MS/MS DATA Victim ’ s urineVictim ’ s blood