1. INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION Presented By Henry Thairu At a Seminar at held at African International University on 25 th February 2016

2. INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION- FORCES OF CHANGE THE CONCEPT OF UNIVERSITY, THE BEGINS ? MAJOR LANDMARKS IN UNIVERSITY DEVELOPMENT THE CURRENT THINKING. THE CHALLENGES THE OPPORTUNITIES UNIVERSITIES IN AFRICA INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

3. THE CONCEPT OF UNIVERSITY-THE BEGINS. When did the Universities begin ? Great debate. According to Guiness Book of Records. University of Karueein-859AD, FEZ in Morocco. Restarted again in 1963 In Europe –University of Bologna-1088, Italy BUT some say there were Universities before the above. Takshila and Nalenda in India -600BC-500AD. These were destroyed by foreign invaders. What about the Academies of Plato(427BC), Aristotle(343BC) and Socrates(384BC). Can they be termed as Universities. They were great teachers of their time.

4. GREAT GROWTH WAVE OF UNIVERSITIES 1. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences - Khozettan, Iran. It was founded around 200 B.C. by Shapur I, the Sassanian king. 2. The University of Al-Karaouine - Fes, Morocco. Founded in 859 AD, the Guinness Book of World Records has recognized it as the world's oldest continuously operating, degree-granting university. (The Ahvaz Jundishapur University has not been continuously-operating) 3. Al-azhar University - Cairo, Egypt. It opened its doors in 975 AD. 4. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. The first university in the western world was founded in 1088. 5. The University of Paris - Paris, France. An exact date is uncertain, but it was sometime around 1150. Teaching was suspended in 1229 and the university split into 13 different universities in 1970.

5. GREAT WAVE OF UNIVERSITIES 6. University of Oxford "“ Oxford, England. An exact date the actual university was founded is unknown, but it is known that teaching has existed since 1096. Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. 7. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia "“ Modena, Italy. It was founded in 1175 but has faded in and out "“ in 1338 the medieval university was replaced by three "public lectureships" but no degrees were awarded. The university was reestablished in the early 1680s. 8. University of Cambridge "“ Cambridge, England. It is, as you might suspect, the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. It was founded in 1209. 9. University of Salamanca "“ Salamanca, Spain. Founded in 1218, this is actually the second-oldest university in Spain. The oldest, Palencia, is no longer in existence. When Christopher Columbus was trying to gain Royal support for finding a western route to the Indies, he presented his case to geographers at this very university. 10. University of Montpellier "“ Montpellier, France. It's been around since 1220 but closed in 1793 because of the French Revolution. It opened again under the Imperial University of France in 1808.

6. GREAT GROWTH WAVE OF UNIVERSITIES Great Influence of the Church in learning. Greek and Latin dominating languages HIGH Middle Ages 11 th, 12 th and 13 th Centuries great foundation of Universities in Europe Late middle Ages upto 1500, great expansion of Universities In Americas the Universities started late in 1700-Like Harvard

7. Universities after the printing press In 1440, German inventor Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing press process that, with refinements and increased mechanization, remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th century. The inventor's method of printing from movable type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowed for the first time the mass production of printed books

8. HIGHER EDUCATION CHALLENGES - Relevance Access Delivery Affordability Equity Quality Pedagogy

9. Universities in industrial age Growth of Research specialized Universities The Land grant Universities –Land Grant Act 1865 The Bayh- Doyle Act – 1980 USA – IP could be owned and commercialized by Universities and Research Instituions even when funded by government.

10. New type of Universities DISSATISFACTION WITH TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITIES University of Phoenix- Online degrees University of the people – NO FEES ? University of INDUSTRY – IBM University Philanthropy University

11. CHALLENGES OF EDUCATION Internationalization of higher education Borderless Education Education as a commodity –WTO

12. NEW DISRUPTIONS IN EDUCATION MOOCs stands for Massive Open Online Courses. Although there has been access to free online courses on the Internet for years, the quality and quantity of courses has changed. Access to free courses has allowed students to obtain a level of education that many only could dream of in the past. This has changed the face of education. In The New York Times article Instruction for Masses Knocked Down Campus Walls, author Tamar Lewin stated, “in the past few months hundreds of thousands of motivated students around the world who lack access to elite universities have been embracing them as a path toward sophisticated skills and high-paying jobs, without paying tuition or collecting a college degree.”Massive Open Online CoursesInstruction for Masses Knocked Down Campus Walls

13. NEW DISRUPTIONS IN EDUCATION 1. Udemy is an example of a site allows anyone to build or take online courses. Udemy’s site exclaims, “Our goal is to disrupt and democratize education by enabling anyone to learn from the world’s experts.” The New York Times reported that Udemy, “recently announced a new Faculty Project, in which award- winning professors from universities like Dartmouth, the University of Virginia and Northwestern offer free online courses. Its co-founder, Gagen Biyani, said the site has more than 100,000 students enrolled in its courses, including several, outside the Faculty Project, that charge fees.”The New York Times 2.ITunesU Free Courses – Apple’s free app “gives students access to all the materials for courses in a single place. Right in the app, they can play video or audio lectures. Read books and view presentations.”ITunesU Free Courses

14. NEW DISRUPTIONS IN EDUCATION 1.Stanford Free Courses - From Quantum Mechanics to The Future of the Internet, Stanford offers a variety of free courses. Stanford’s – Introduction to Artificial Intelligence was highly successful. According toPontydysgu.org, “160000 students from 190 countries signed up to Stanford’s Introduction to AI” course, with 23000 reportedly completing.” Check out Stanford’s Engineering Everywhere link.Stanford Free CoursesStanford’s – Introduction to Artificial IntelligencePontydysgu.org,Check out Stanford’s Engineering Everywhere link 2.UC Berkeley Free Courses – From General Biology to Human Emotion, Berkley offers a variety of courses. Check out: Berkeley Webcasts and Berkeley RSS Feeds.UC Berkeley Free CoursesBerkeley Webcasts 3.MIT Free Courses – Check out MIT’s RSS MOOC feed. Also see: MIT’s Open Courseware.

15. NEW DISRUPTIONS IN EDUCATION 1.Duke Free Courses – Duke offers a variety of courses on ITunesU. 2.Harvard Free Courses – From Computer Science to Shakespeare, students may now get a free Harvard education. “Take a class for professional development, enrichment, and degree credit. Courses run in the fall, spring, or intensive January session. No application is required.” 3.UCLA Free Courses – Check out free courses such as their writing program that offers over 220 online writing courses each year. 4.Yale Free Courses – At Open Yale, the school offers “free and open access to a selection of introductory courses taught by distinguished teachers and scholars at Yale University. The aim of the project is to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn.” 5.Carnegie Mellon Free Courses – Carnegie Mellon boosts “No instructors, no credits, no charge.”

16. Universities in the Information Age -20 th Century- disruptive technologies –new media Radio TV Internet-Google, You-tube, Face book, twitter ( social Media) Computers Mobile telephony Mobile learning

17. Universities in the Information Age -20 th Century Mega Universities Open Universities Open and Distance Universities Electronic learning Digital learning E-resources Open ACCESS books and Journals Digital Libraries

18. 21 CENTURY SKILLS Critical Thinking Entrepreneurship Communication Digital skills Employablity

19. WHAT HAS NOT CHANGED – over 2000years !!! The teacher The chalk The Board Libraries Books Journals

20. Philosophy of education Behind every school and every teacher is a set of related beliefs-VALUES—a philosophy of education--that influences WHAT and HOW students are taught. A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher's role, and what should be taught and by what methods.