1. VISHAAL HARISARAN 205519005 Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics

2. Domestication Controlled mating and reproduction of captive animals They were selected and mated based on their behaviour and temperament. Progress in the performance of domesticated animals through these selection practices was very slow Improvements were mainly due to animals adapting better to their environments.

3. Animal breeding Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of domestic livestock. Desirable traits have revolutionized agricultural livestock production throughout the world.

4. Biotechnology Biotechnology refers to developed technologies that harness the abilities of organisms for the benefit of science. Biotechnology breakthroughs in genomics have made it possible to:  Identify genes  Clone these genes  Use them in far more sophisticated ways

5. Animal breeding have always “protected” its endeavours commercially by making use of breed societies and pedigrees The advent of molecular biology, sequencing of genomes and the development of cloning, have brought with them large additional investments.

6. Recombinant DNA introduced through the addition of relevant DNA into an existing organismal DNA the plasmids of bacteria, code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic resistance

7. Cloning The cloning of a gene comprises of three steps: The selection of a DNA source for cloning Production of DNA fragments inserted into a plasmid vector Isolation of protein

8. The use of gene markers and highly selective breeding, or through the use of transgenics and cloning, greatly reduces genetic diversity. The development of transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation threatens the genetic lines that determine species. There will be development of transgenic lines of animals for biomedical research and applications that do include genes from other species

9. The protein itself cannot be patented because it is naturally occurring in nature, the modified form can be patented. The significance of claiming the full-length of the gene is that it enables a patent holder to control use of that gene.

10. Intellectual property (IP) Intellectual property (IP) is the property resulting from the creative work of an individual or individuals. The protection of IP is described in a large body of law

11. Patents Patents support the development of science and innovation. A patent represents a legal monopoly granted to an inventor, permitting the patent owner to prohibit anyone else from making, using, or selling this invention for a specific period of time

12. Infringement of a patent is a civil crime and the owner may sue for economic damages or injunction to stop infringement. Patents are intended to protect but not withhold technical information. Patents are very different from published papers.

13. Patenting of animals and genes Many ethical and social issues arise, such as: patenting of animals or genes will be destructive to nature and allows man to play “God” patenting will devalue animal life and hence human life patenting will increase animal suffering

14. patenting will lead to a decline in genetic diversity of animals and threaten species patenting speeds the trend toward commercialization of academic research patenting will undermine conventional farming and lead to increased industrial farming systems.

15. Commercialisation If large companies have exclusive licensing arrangements for genetic tools then small breeders will be disadvantaged. Market pressures related to size of operation and efficiency of production have much larger influences on the industrialization of farming and livestock production than patenting

16. ‘Today, the only wealth there is in the world is the wealth that comes from the human mind’ thanks for your time