1. Please draw one of the following Spectral Fingerprints in your Results section of YOUR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS lab report in the output at the top on page 72.

2. Spectral Analysis I.Problem: to identify elements using their spectral finger print Results: Choose one elements spectral fingerprint to draw using the Project star spectrometers. Use colored pencils and sketch in the lines at the appropriate nanometers. Hint: use the example at the bottom of information sheet. Discussion: 1.Which was the easiest element to identify? Why? 2.Which was the most difficult to identify? Why? 3.How is this information used in astronomy? II. Data Tube #ElementAccuracy 1Nitrogen 2Krypton 3Neon 4Helium 5Argon 6Hydrogen 7Argon CNeon 72 73

3. 5958 Standard 2 – Stars, Galaxies & the Universe. a.The Milky Way b.Galaxies c.Fusion in Stars d.Spectral Analysis Academic Vocabulary TermDefinition 1) GALAXY 2) HUBBLE’S LAW 3) BIG BANG THEORY 4)SUPERNOVA 5) WHITE DWARF 6) BLACK HOLE 7) NEUTRON STAR 8) PULSAR 9)CONSTELLATION 10) DARK MATTER 11) GALAXY CLUSTER 12) RED GIANT 13) SUPERGIANT 14) CEPHEID VARIABLE

4. 61 Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ①List the main components of any galaxy Gas, dust and billions of stars ②Identify the force that holds the components of a galaxy together. Gravity ③Describe the shape of the Milky Way galaxy. disc-shaped, Spiral, spherical center ④Describe the size of the Milky Way.  100,000light years across  10,000 light years thick ⑤Locate our solar system within the Milky Way. Outer edge of the disk (in an arm) 60 Output (use pp. 715-716 in text): Draw, label and color a diagram of the Milky Way galaxy Write 3 facts about the Milky Way NOT included in your learning targets The Milky Way: 1) A good way to think of the Milky Way is we are traveling with family of stars that we travel with all together with a __________ in the center. 2) What are the galaxies closest to the Milky Way called? 3) What are the 4 basic shapes that astronomers recognize? 4) What type of Spiral galaxy is the Milky Way? 5) What is at the middle of the Milky Way galaxy? 6) How many open clusters are in our galaxy? 7) How long do massive stars live? Standard 2a – The Milky Way

5. 6263 Output: Please copy these questions for Galaxy PowerPoint ! What are galaxies? What are the three reasons why we know so much about galaxies? What are the three different types of galaxies? What is the difference between a spiral & barred spiral galaxy? What is an Elliptical galaxy and what is it shaped like? What is the percentage of irregular galaxies in our universe? Can galaxies collide? Please draw an irregular or elliptical galaxy Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Identify the objects that make up most of the mass of the visible universe.  Stars ② List the 3 levels of organization of visible matter.  Stars  galaxies  groups(few)/clust ers (thousands)  superclusters ③ Name 2 criteria by which stars/galaxies are cataloged Position in the sky (coordinates) Brightness (magnitude) Elemental composition ④ State the source of evidence for the existence of dark (invisible) matter. Gravitational effect it has on visible matter ⑤ Compare the amount of dark (invisible) matter to the amount of visible matter in the universe. Much more dark matter – as much as 90%! Standard 2b – Galaxies PLEASE WRITE UP THE NOTE S & SET THIS UP on Page 62 & 63!

6. Gal·axy- is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter. dark matterdark matter In 1785 William Herschel created this drawing of the Milky Way after hours of counting stars in separate regions of the sky

8. Hubble divided galaxies into three basic types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular.

9. Spiral Galaxies Hubble divided spiral galaxies into two groups: ordinary spirals and barred spirals.Hubble divided spiral galaxies into two groups: ordinary spirals and barred spirals. Ordinary spirals are designated with an S; barred spirals are designated with an SB.Ordinary spirals are designated with an S; barred spirals are designated with an SB. A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy in which the spiral arms come from the ends of a bar through the nucleus rather than from the nucleus itself.A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy in which the spiral arms come from the ends of a bar through the nucleus rather than from the nucleus itself. Courtesy of NOAO/AURA/NSF Fig. 17.01b: M77 is a type Sb spiral galaxy Figure 17.02c: NGC1365 is a SBc barred spiral galaxy

10. Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical galaxies are ellipsoids; they are classified from round (E0) to very elongated (E7).Elliptical galaxies are ellipsoids; they are classified from round (E0) to very elongated (E7). Most of the galaxies in existence are ellipticals, but most of these are smaller than spiral galaxies.Most of the galaxies in existence are ellipticals, but most of these are smaller than spiral galaxies. A few giant elliptical galaxies have 2  10 13 stars and are thus larger than any spiral galaxy.A few giant elliptical galaxies have 2  10 13 stars and are thus larger than any spiral galaxy. Courtesy of NOAO/AURA/NSF Figure 17.04a: NGC5128 (or Centaurus A) is a type E0 peculiar elliptical galaxy.

11. Irregular Galaxies Fewer than 20% of all galaxies fall in the category of irregulars, and they are all small, normally having fewer than 25% of the number of stars in the Milky Way.Fewer than 20% of all galaxies fall in the category of irregulars, and they are all small, normally having fewer than 25% of the number of stars in the Milky Way. The Large Magellanic Cloud, the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way, is an irregular galaxy. Courtesy of AURA/NOAO/NSE

12. The Antennae, colliding galaxies Because of their great distances, galaxies exhibit no proper motion. Evidence of past collisions has to come from present appearance. Computer simulations show that colliding galaxies actually pass through one another with few collisions between individual stars. However, large dust and gas clouds in the galaxies make them more likely targets, resulting in increased star formation rates. Collisions between galaxies are not unusual because on average galaxies are separated by distances only about 20 times their diameter. Tidal distortion as a result of a grazing encounter.

13. Galaxies are made of ____, ____ and ________ of stars. Most of the _________ mass of the universe is made of billions of stars about _____. Galaxies are held together by the force in our universe known as _________. _______ are arranged in __________ which are arranged into_________which are arranged into ____________ which are arranged into ________________. Our ______ ____ galaxy is a disc-shaped, _______, galaxy with a _________ center. Stars are catalogued by ___________, __________ and _________that make it up. The _____ ____ galaxy is approximately ___________across and _____________thick. We know that _____ _______ exists because of the ________________ _______ it has on ________ matter We live in an _____ of ______ _____ of the ______ of our Milky Way galaxy Of the matter that makes up our universe up to _____ is unseen or (invisible) _____ _________. All elements come from ________________ the fusing of ________ elements to form _________ elements and energy. A __________ is all the ____________ of light (electromagnetic radiation) __________ by a star The 3 main elements _________ by the ____ ________ are (H) __________, (He) _______, & (Li ) _________. Scientists look at the _______ from stars (spectral analysis) to determine their ________________. High ______________ and high __________are the two conditions in stars which allow fusion. Scientists use the _________________ ___________ (EM) to analyze the ______ from stars. This is called _________ __________. (spectral fingerprint) The _______ ________________of ________ occurs in our Sun and most stars. Surface ____________ and _____________ used to classify stars. Elements ____ through ____ are produced in all stars. __________ elements are produced in ______________. ____________ is the total amount of energy (all wavelengths) emitted by a star. 6465

14. Standard 2c – Fusion in Stars Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Define nucleosynthesis Formation of elements that compose the universe Light elements fused to make heavier elements Energy is released ② List the 3 elements thought to have formed during the Big Bang and form all other elements. Hydrogen Helium Lithium ③ Identify the 2 conditions (present only in stars) that allows two positively charged nuclei to overcome repulsion & fuse together High temperature High velocity ④ Describe the primary fusion reaction in the Sun and most stars. Fusion of hydrogen to form helium ⑤ Describe the conditions necessary for formation of elements higher than iron (Fe, #26). Supernova explosion (massive stars only) 6667

15. The Star Cycle 10/10/15 6869

16. The Star Cycle 10/10/15 Stage 1: Nebula Stage 2: Main Sequence Star Stage 3: Red Giant/Red Super Giant Stage 4: White Dwarf Stage 5: Black Dwarf Stage 6: Supernova Stage 8: Black Hole Stage 7: Neutron Star

17. Stage 1: Nebula Gas and dust - cold (10 K)Gas and dust - cold (10 K) Begin to contract due to gravityBegin to contract due to gravity Clumps of gas and dust called “Protostars” are formedClumps of gas and dust called “Protostars” are formed Stage 2: Main Sequence Star Continues to contract Nuclear fusion begins at a few million degrees K -Hydrogen fuses into helium Energy created stops contraction = stable new star 2,000,000 years Surface temp 3,000 K 3000 Kelvin = 4940.33 Degrees Fahrenheit blue stars (more massive) Surface temp 30,000 K 30000 Kelvin = 53540.33 Degree Fahrenheit 10,000 years red stars (sun-size stars)

18. Stage 3: Red Giant/Red Super Giant Hydrogen is used up Helium begins to fuse- -->C & O (up to Fe in Super Gs) Core collapses, surface expands Stage 4: White Dwarf Very hot core left over gas layers are ejected Stage 5: Black Dwarf Stage 6: Supernova After white dwarf consumes last bit of helium A cooling cinder Collapse of core Pressure & temp cause nuclear explosion Elements heavier than iron created HIGH MASS STARS (fusion up to Fe) LOW MASS STARS (< 8 solar masses)

19. Stage 6: Supernova Incredibly dense coreIncredibly dense core Regions around core rush inRegions around core rush in Pressure & temp created drive gasses out in a shock wavePressure & temp created drive gasses out in a shock wave Stage 7: Neutron Star Stage 8: Black Hole Occurs in large “corpses” Greatest compression So dense light cannot escape Invisible but distort images of background stars & galaxies Compact stellar corpse Protons and electrons converted to neutrons with little space in between

20. Dark Nebula Supernova Neutron Star Black Dwarf White Dwarf Main Sequence Red Giant Black Hole

21. Standard 2d – Spectral Analysis Output: Draw a or recreate the HR diagram on page 704 that shows how stars are classified OR: Draw or recreate the diagram shows the evolution of low medium and high mass stars (25.2). Add color, title and labels. Pg. 710. DRAW & LABEL BOTH for a 5 Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Define the term “spectrum” as it refers to stars. The types of electromagnetic radiation (radio  gamma waves) emitted by a star ② List characteristics which can be determined from a star’s spectrum. Size Color Chemical composition Surface gravity Temperature Stage of their life cycle (age) ③ Describe how astronomers gather information about stars. Telescopes that detect all wavelengths of light (radio  gamma waves) ④ List the two primary characteristics astronomers use to classify stars. Surface temperature luminosity ⑤ Define luminosity The total amount of energy (all wavelengths) emitted by a star. 70 71

22. Spectral Analysis LAB I.Problem: to identify elements using their spectral finger print Results: Choose one elements spectral fingerprint to draw using the Project star spectrometers. Use colored pencils and sketch in the lines at the appropriate nanometers. Hint: use the example at the bottom of information sheet. Discussion: 1.Which was the easiest element to identify? Why? 2.Which was the most difficult to identify? Why? 3.How is this information used in astronomy? II. Data 72 73 Tube #ElementAccuracy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C

24. Spectral Analysis I.Problem: to identify elements using their spectral finger print Results: Choose one elements spectral fingerprint to draw using the Project star spectrometers. Use colored pencils and sketch in the lines at the appropriate nanometers. Hint: use the example at the bottom of information sheet. Discussion: 1.Which was the easiest element to identify? Why? 2.Which was the most difficult to identify? Why? 3.How is this information used in astronomy? II. Data Tube #ElementAccuracy 1Nitrogen 2Krypton 3Neon 4Helium 5Argon 6Hydrogen 7Argon CNeon 72 73

25. The Inverse Square Law of Light Lab VI. Results VII. Discussion I. Purpose II. Background V. Data To understand how the brightness of light could be used to measure distant objects in the universe Uses stars of known brightness (Cepheid Variables) in a galaxy or star cluster. Distance is determined by comparing amount of light that falls on observer compared to how much it is known to give off. 7475 Please Set up the pages for this lab!

26. Distance From Bulb (cm) # of Squares Illuminate d AB Area Illuminated (cm 2 ) (multiply # of squares by ¼ or by.25) Relative Brightness= B 0 /A (÷ by 1) 1.0 (B 0 )

28. Distance From Bulb (cm) # of Squares Illuminate d AB Area Illuminated (cm 2 ) (multiply # of squares by ¼ or x by.25) Relative Brightness= B 0 /A (÷ by 1) 1041 1.0 (B 0 ) 1592.250.44 201640.25 25266.50.154 303690.111 356.250.16 40120.083 4516.0625 50 55 How to figure out the Relative Brightness (column B)!

29. Distance From Bulb (cm) # of Squares Illuminate d AB Area Illuminated (cm 2 ) (multiply # of squares by ¼ or x by.25) Relative Brightness= B 0 /A (÷ by 1) 1041 1.0 (B 0 ) 1592.250.44 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 How to figure out the Relative Brightness (column B)!

30. VII. Results How Brightness Decreases with Distance from the Source Demonstrating the _______ _______ _______ of Light. Brightness Distance (cm)

31. VII. Results How Brightness Decreases with Distance from the Source Demonstrating the _______ _______ _______ of Light. Brightness Distance (cm)

32. Galaxies are made of ____, ____ and ________ of stars. Most of the _________ mass of the universe is made of billions of stars about _____. Galaxies are held together by the force in our universe known as _________. _______ are arranged in __________ which are arranged into_________which are arranged into ____________ which are arranged into ________________. Our ______ ____ galaxy is a disc-shaped, _______, galaxy with a _________ center. Stars are catalogued by ___________, __________ and _________that make it up. The _____ ____ galaxy is approximately ___________across and _____________thick. We know that _____ _______ exists because of the ________________ _______ it has on ________ matter We live in an _____ of ______ _____ of the ______ of our Milky Way galaxy Of the matter that makes up our universe up to _____ is unseen or (invisible) _____ _________. All elements come from ________________ the fusing of ________ elements to form _________ elements and energy. A __________ is all the ____________ of light (electromagnetic radiation) __________ by a star The 3 main elements _________ by the ____ ________ are (H) __________, (He) _______, & (Li ) _________. Scientists look at the _______ from stars (spectral analysis) to determine their ________________. High ______________ and high __________are the two conditions in stars which allow fusion. Scientists use the _________________ ___________ (EM) to analyze the ______ from stars. This is called _________ __________. (spectral fingerprint) The _______ ________________of ________ occurs in our Sun and most stars. Surface ____________ and _____________ used to classify stars. Elements ____ through ____ are produced in all stars. __________ elements are produced in ______________. ____________ is the total amount of energy (all wavelengths) emitted by a star.

33. The Milky Way: 1) A good way to think of the Milky Way is we are traveling with family of stars that we travel with all together with a __________ in the center. 2) What are the galaxies closest to the Milky Way called? 3) What are the 4 basic shapes that astronomers recognize? 4) What type of Spiral galaxy is the Milky Way? 5) What is at the middle of the Milky Way galaxy? 6) How many open clusters are in our galaxy? 7) How long do massive stars live? The Milky Way: 1) A good way to think of the Milky Way is we are traveling with family of stars that we travel with all together with a __________ in the center. 2) What are the galaxies closest to the Milky Way called? 3) What are the 4 basic shapes that astronomers recognize? 4) What type of Spiral galaxy is the Milky Way? 5) What is at the middle of the Milky Way galaxy? 6) How many open clusters are in our galaxy? 7) How long do massive stars live? The Milky Way: 1) A good way to think of the Milky Way is we are traveling with family of stars that we travel with all together with a __________ in the center. 2) What are the galaxies closest to the Milky Way called? 3) What are the 4 basic shapes that astronomers recognize? 4) What type of Spiral galaxy is the Milky Way? 5) What is at the middle of the Milky Way galaxy? 6) How many open clusters are in our galaxy? 7) How long do massive stars live? The Milky Way: 1) A good way to think of the Milky Way is we are traveling with family of stars that we travel with all together with a __________ in the center. 2) What are the galaxies closest to the Milky Way called? 3) What are the 4 basic shapes that astronomers recognize? 4) What type of Spiral galaxy is the Milky Way? 5) What is at the middle of the Milky Way galaxy? 6) How many open clusters are in our galaxy? 7) How long do massive stars live?

34. Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ①List the main components of any galaxy Gas, dust and billions of _______ ②Identify the force that holds the components of a galaxy together. __________ ③Describe the shape of the Milky Way galaxy. disc-shaped, ______, spherical center ④Describe the size of the Milky Way.  ______light years across  ______ light years thick ⑤Locate our solar system within the Milky Way. Outer edge of the _____ (in an arm) Standard 2a – The Milky Way Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ①List the main components of any galaxy Gas, dust and billions of _______ ②Identify the force that holds the components of a galaxy together. __________ ③Describe the shape of the Milky Way galaxy. disc-shaped, ______, spherical center ④Describe the size of the Milky Way.  ______light years across  ______ light years thick ⑤Locate our solar system within the Milky Way. Outer edge of the _____ (in an arm) Standard 2a – The Milky Way

35. Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Identify the objects that make up most of the mass of the visible universe.  _________ ② List the 3 levels of organization of visible matter.  Stars  __________  groups(few)/clust ers (thousands)  __________ ③ Name 2 criteria by which stars/galaxies are cataloged Position in the sky (__________) Brightness (magnitude) _________ composition ④ State the source of evidence for the existence of dark (invisible) matter. ________ effect it has on visible matter ⑤ Compare the amount of dark (invisible) matter to the amount of visible matter in the universe. Much more dark matter – as much as _____%! Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Identify the objects that make up most of the mass of the visible universe.  _________ ② List the 3 levels of organization of visible matter.  Stars  __________  groups(few)/clust ers (thousands)  __________ ③ Name 2 criteria by which stars/galaxies are cataloged Position in the sky (__________) Brightness (magnitude) _________ composition ④ State the source of evidence for the existence of dark (invisible) matter. ________ effect it has on visible matter ⑤ Compare the amount of dark (invisible) matter to the amount of visible matter in the universe. Much more dark matter – as much as _____%! Standard 2b – Galaxies

36. Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Define the term “spectrum” as it refers to stars. ② List characteristics which can be determined from a star’s spectrum. ③ Describe how astronomers gather information about stars. ④ List the two primary characteristics astronomers use to classify stars. ⑤ Define luminosity Standard 2d – Spectral Analysis Core ConceptAnswer/NotesPowerPics ① Define the term “spectrum” as it refers to stars. ② List characteristics which can be determined from a star’s spectrum. ③ Describe how astronomers gather information about stars. ④ List the two primary characteristics astronomers use to classify stars. ⑤ Define luminosity Standard 2d – Spectral Analysis