1. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION A RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

2. CAUSES OF REFORMATION  New ideas of the Renaissance  Humanism  Revival of classical learning  Urban, secular society  Church officials distracted by secular issues

3. CAUSES OF REFORMATION  Higher Expectations  The Printing Press  Faster, more efficient productions of books  Increase in critical literature  Bible available to all  Rapid spread of ideas

4. LUTHERANISM

5.  Son of a coal miner  Sent to University of Erfurt to become a lawyer  1505: almost struck by lightning and devotes his life to the study of God; becomes a monk  Has a spiritual and identity crisis as monk  Questions sacraments, relics, pilgrimages and indulgences  Becomes obsessed with the nature of man’s sinfulness BACKGROUND

7. TEACHINGS 1.People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation. 2.All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the Pope and Church traditions were false authorities. 3.All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

8.  October 31, 1517: Luther is infuriated by Johann Tetzel who sold indulgences outside the city of Wittenberg  The 95 Theses: Luther’s written complaints nailed to church door  Luther’s complaints spread quickly by the printing press  Luther accused of heresy and threatened with excommunication THE 95 THESES

9. LUTHER’S COMPLAINTS Church officials focused on secular rather than spiritual issues Indulgences Simony

10.  1520:  Pope Leo X asks Luther to renounce his complaints  Luther refuses and is excommunicated  1521:  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V asks Luther to renounce his complaints  Luther refuses  Edict of Worms: declared Luther an outlaw and heretic; Luther to be shunned and his books burned THE AFTERMATH

11.  1522:  Luther returns to Wittenburg to find some of his ideas being put into practice  Rather than pursuing reforms within the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers formed a separate religious group called the Lutherans THE AFTERMATH

12.  Ends simony  Reaffirms two sources of God’s truth: Scripture and Tradition  Calls for better priest training  Reaffirms that faith and “good works” necessary for salvation  Continuation of indulgences and worship of relics  Retains the Latin Bible as the official Bible of the Catholic church  Continuation of clerical celibacy COUNCIL OF TRENT

13. CALVINISM

14. CALVINISM  Founder: John Calvin  Started in Geneva, Switzerland  Influenced by Martin Luther (Bible only authority)  Basic Philosophy  Predestination: “Since God is all-knowing, He has chosen since the beginning who will be saved.”  Theocracy: Government controlled by religious leaders  Geneva: example city, set regulations for everyone in the city

16. CALVINISM  Regulations  Attended church and religious practices daily  No brightly colored clothing  No fighting swearing, drinking, gambling, card-playing or dancing  Punishments  Imprisonment  Excommunication  Banishment from the city  Execution

17. CALVINISM  Influence & Impact  Spread to Netherlands, Scotland and small communities in Europe  John Knox (Scotland): Presbyterianism  Baptist Churches

18. THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

19. CHURCH OF ENGLAND  Founder: Henry VIII  Love of women and drive for a healthy male heir caused him to leave the Catholic Church and form his own

22. CHURCH OF ENGLAND 1.Catherine of Aragon  Child: Mary (no healthy male heir)  Henry requests annulment of marriage in the hopes that he would remarry and have a healthy son  Pope refuses  Henry creates his own church – the Church of England – and grants himself a divorce

24. CHURCH OF ENGLAND 2.Anne Boleyn  Child: Elizabeth  beheaded after false accusations of adultery

25. CHURCH OF ENGLAND  Act of Supremacy (1534)  Officially separated the Church of England from Rome  Henry VIII named head of the church  Closed monasteries and took land from the Roman Catholic Church

26. CHURCH OF ENGLAND 3.Jane Seymour: died  Son Edward: dies at age 16 4.Anne of Cleves: refused and divorced 5.Catherine Howard: beheaded after charges of adultery 6.Catherine Parr: took care of him until his death

27. LADIES MAN LADIES MAN

28. CHURCH OF ENGLAND Henry’s Children 1.Mary: Bloody Mary (Catholic) 2.Elizabeth: ruled England for 44 years 3.Edward: died at age 16

31. THE COUNTER REFORMATION

32. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION The Catholic Reformation was a movement to reform the Catholic Church and halt the spread of Protestantism. This movement included two phases.

33. PHASE ONE: THE JESUITS The Jesuits: a new monastic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola that emphasized strict discipline and unwavering obedience to the Catholic Church. Goals 1.Found schools for priests to receive better training 2.Convert non- Christians to the Catholic faith 3.Prevent further spread of Protestantism

34. PHASE TWO: The Council of Trent The Council of Trent:  Meeting of all Catholic Church leaders to establish new reforms  Met in Trent of northern Italy  Meeting last for ten years

35. New Reforms:  Pope’s interpretation of Bible was FINAL  Christians were saved by faith AND good works  The Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority for guiding Christian life  Reaffirmed the use of indulgences but placed a ban of the selling of indulgences without express permission of the Church in Rome PHASE TWO: The Council of Trent

36. THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 1618-1648

38. WHAT CAUSED THE WAR?  Germany torn by numerous religious wars that finally ended in 1555  Rulers of German states agreed to individually decide whether their lands would be Protestant or Catholic  Disagreements between states increased tensions over next decades

39. THIRTY YEARS’ WAR ERUPTS  1618: war erupts and lasts for 30 terrible years  First half of war won by Catholic Forces  Led by Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor  Soldiers looted Protestant towns as they traveled  Soon, tides of war turned in the favor of Protestant king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus

40.  During last years of war, France helped Protestant forces  Richelileu feared growing power of Hapsburg family  1648: end of war  Germany: 4 million dead and economy in ruins; two centuries to recover  Peace of Westphalia  Weakened power of Austria and Spain; Increased power of France  France gained German territory  German princes independent from Holy Roman Empire  Introduced new way of negotiating peace

41. Then, examine “The Miseries and Misfortunes of War”, a primary source etched by Jacques Callot. As you examine your own copy, circle any and everything that sticks out with a highlighter or colored marker. Also, jot your own personal notes around the edges of the sheet. What specific characters or objects do you notice in this etching? What do you think these characters and objects represent? Below the etching, answer the question below: How does this etching help you understand the Thirty Years’ War and its effects on European society?