1. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

2. One gene, one protein Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

3. One gene, one polypeptide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

4. One gene, one polypeptide A few genes have RNA as their final product. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

5. Transcription Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

6. Transcription DNA → mRNA Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

7. Translation Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

8. Translation mRNA → polypeptide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

9. Codon Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

10. Codon A three-letter “word” in the DNA alphabet (A, T, G, C) that spells the “name” of a specific amino acid. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

11. Anticodon Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

12. Anticodon The complement to a codon. If the codon is ATG (or AUG), the anticodon is TAC (or UAC). Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

13. DNA mRNA tRNA GC AT TA GC AT CG GC Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

14. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A G C A T C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

15. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A G C anticodon A T C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

16. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T AU G CG A TA C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

17. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

18. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

19. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G codon A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

20. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine

21. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G anticodon G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine

22. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine

23. DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A UA G C GC A T AU C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine

24. Anticodon wobble Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

25. Anticodon wobble Some anticodons in tRNA are not completely specific. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

26. Transcription promoter gene =================================

27. RNA polymerase Transcription promoter gene =================================

28. RNA polymerase The enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription

29. Promoter RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription

30. Promoter Specific DNA sequence that marks the beginning of the gene. RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription

31. Transcription factor RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription

32. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

33. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

34. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

35. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

36. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

37. Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

38. Initiation RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription

39. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA - Transcription Initiation RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA unwinds Synthesis begins

40. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ---- Transcription Elongation RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA unwinds Synthesis begins

41. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription Elongation Polymerase moves 3’→5’ on DNA DNA unwinds RNA is made 5’→3’

42. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription Elongation Polymerase moves 3’→5’ on DNA DNA unwinds RNA is made 5’→3’

43. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription Termination

44. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription Termination RNA transcript is released Polymerase detaches from DNA

45. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription Termination RNA transcript is released Polymerase detaches from DNA

46. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ------ Transcription

47. RNA Processing RNA ------

48. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’

49. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5’ cap 3’ poly(A) tail RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’

50. RNA Processing RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5’ cap 3’ poly(A) tail 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’

51. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’

52. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’AAAAAAA

53. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoglobblinAAAAAAA3’

54. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemoglobinAAAAAAA3’

55. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemoglobinAAAAAAA3’ hemoglobin

56. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing

57. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’AAAAAAA Alternate processing

58. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemyobhglobbhinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing

59. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’myoglobinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing

60. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’myoglobinAAAAAAA3’ myoglobin Alternate processing

61. Introns Exons RNA Processing

62. Introns Noncoding regions of RNA. Exons Coding regions of RNA. RNA Processing

63. Introns Noncoding regions of RNA. (They intrude.) Exons Coding regions of RNA. (They’re expressed.) RNA Processing

64. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing

65. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing

66. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing

67. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing

68. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing

69. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) RNA Processing

70. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes RNA Processing

71. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes which are enzymes RNA Processing

72. small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes which are enzymes that remove introns. RNA Processing

73. Translation

74. Ribosomes Translation

75. Ribosomes Made of RNA and protein Two subunits Two sites (A & P) for tRNA binding One site (E) for tRNA release. Translation

77. Signal peptides Translation

78. Signal peptides Bind to signal recognition particles. SRP’s carry new polypeptides to specific locations. Translation

79. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Translation

80. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Translation can happen at the same time as trans- cription Translation

81. Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteTranslation can happenhappens after at the same processing. time as trans---introns cription.--5’ cap --poly-A tail. Translation

82. Mutations

83. The cat ate the rat Mutations

84. The cat ate the rat Point mutations Mutations

85. The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Mutations

86. The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Frame shift mutations Mutations

87. The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Frame shift mutations The cat tet her atP Mutations

88. RNA polymerase Enzyme that makes RNA Promoter marks beginning of gene Transcription factor helps polymerase find promoter. Transcription (Review)

89. Initiation polymerase binds, DNA unwinds Elongation 3’→5’ on DNA, 3’→5 Termination primary transcript is released. Transcription (Review)

90. 5’ cap Poly-A tail Splicosomes remove introns Alternate RNA processing. Transcription (Review)

91. Ribosomes Two subunits A, P, E sites Signal recognition particles. Translation (Review).