1. Industry and Expansion 1860-1900 From Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Drake Well Museum Collection, Titusville, PAPennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission

2. A. Technological Development 1. ‘Bessemer’ Steel, 1856-59 2. Pennsylvania Oil, 1859 3. Ice Machine, 1865 4. Electric streetcar, 1874 5. Telephone, 1876 6. Refrigerated rail Cars, c.1877 7. Phonograph, 1877

3. B. Industrial Growth 1. Laissez-faire vs. Tariffs 2. Consolidation a. Vertical and horizontal integration b. Pools c. Trusts

4. 3. Railroad Expansion a. Pacific Railway Acts, 1862 & 1864 b. Transcontinental Railroad, 1869 4. Unions Develop and grow

5. C. Population Shifts 1. Movement West a. Land – Homestead Act, 1862 b. Mining – gold, silver, copper - NV, CO, MT, DK, ID, WY b. Railroads - transportation - markets opened 2. Growth of Cities a. Immigration b. Job opportunities

6. D. Politics and Government 1. Growth of parties a. Rep.-midwest, NE, Southern freedmen b. Dem.- south, industrial centers, cities 2. Rise of ‘Political Machines’ a. Tammany Hall in NY

7. 3. Presidents a. Grant, 1869-1877 b. Hayes, 1877 - 1881 4. Policies a. Indian Removal/ forced Assimilation b. Retreat from Reconstruction c. Bland-Allison Act, 1878

9. A. Technological Development 1. Edison’s light bulb, 1879 2. Cash register, 1879 3. Brooklyn Bridge Completed, 1883 4. Electric Trolley line, 1888 (in VA) 5. Automatic Loom, 1893 6. Gas-powered car, 1893 7. Radio, 1890s

10. B. Industrial Growth 1. Established Industries, by 1900

11. 2. Railroads and Time Zones (1883)

12. 3. Greater Corporate Consolidation a. Trusts b. Holding Companies

13. 4. Unions become big business a. Increase in membership b. Increase in activity & power - AFL (Gompers), ARU (Eugene Debs), etc.

14. C. Population Shifts 1. Urbanization of America (1880-1920) a. Immigrants arrive and stay b. Fewer Agricultural jobs c. Jobs available in industry d. Modern conveniences available

15. 2. Massive immigration

16. a. East and West - Ellis Island, 1892 - Angel Island Ellis Island, NY Angel Island Immigration Station, in San Francisco Bay, CA

17. b. Old v. New Immigrants

18. c. Nativism - Gentlemen’s Agreement - Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

20. 3. Final settlement of the American West a. Reservations and Land Use - Dawes Act, 1887 (purpose and features) b. End Native Am. resistance - Wounded Knee, 1890 c. Klondike Gold Rush, 1890s

21. D. Politics and Government 1. Presidents a. Garfield and Arthur, 1881-1885 - Civil Service Reform (Pendleton Act) b. Cleveland, 1885-1889 - Interstate Commerce Act - Dawes Act

22. c. B. Harrison, 1889-1893 - scandal - McKinley Tariff - Sherman Anti-Trust Act - Sherman Silver Purchase Act d. Cleveland, 1893-1897 - Panic of 1893 - Repeal of Silver Purchase Act

23. e. McKinley, 1897-1901 - annexes Hawaii - Gold Standard Act - Spanish-Am. War - Asian trade - assassinated in 1901

24. 2. Political Movements a. Farmers Issues - Debt - Railroads - Farmers’ Alliance, Patrons of Husbandry (Grange)& Populism b. Numerous Reform Movements

25. 3. Election of 1896 a. McKinley v. Bryan b. gold v. free silver c. expansionist v. isolationist d. industrial v. agricultural VS.