1. Modernization of Track for High Speeds

2. Modernization Transport more passengers/goods at high speed, safe, economic

3. Modernization Speed > 120 Kmph is considered as High Speed

4. Modernization In order to achieve this speed – track modernization is needed

5. Strength Requirements Rail Heavier sections of rail to provide adequate wearing strength

6. Strength Requirements Rail Heavier sections – 60 kg/m or 52 kg/m Presently – 24.80 kg/m to 44.61 kg/m

7. Strength Requirements Rail Joints Normal joint NOT suitable for High Speed Severe blow due to joints

8. Strength Requirements Rail Joints LONG WELDED RAILS (LWR) CONTINUOUS WELDED RAILS (CWR)

9. Strength Requirements Rail Joints No temperature stress Length – 200 m to 1 km – Indian Conditions

10. Strength Requirements Curve Radius Curve Radius 500 – 600 m

11. Strength Requirements Sleepers Concrete sleepers highly suitable for HS

12. Strength Requirements Sleepers High ‘Sleeper density’ recommended 1660 numbers/km (160 Kmph) 1540 numbers/km (130 Kmph)

13. Strength Requirements Ballast Better quality ballast Depth of cushion – 150 mm to 300 mm

14. Strength Requirements Bridges & Culverts Strengthening existing bridges & culverts Thickness of web/flanges to be increased to bear additional BM & Shear

15. Strength Requirements Track Drainage Should be free from silt

16. Strength Requirements Level Crossings Should be replaced with vehicle underpass

17. LEVEL CROSSINGS

18. Level Crossings Railway line & road surface meet at same level Surface of road kept at rail level

19. Level Crossings Guard rails are provided & spiked to wooden sleepers

20. Classification Procedure Classification of Level-crossing is based on the density of road and railway traffic

21. Classification Procedure Census of traffic passing through the level crossing is made for continuous period of 7 days

22. Classification Procedure Census of number of trains passing through the level crossing is also counted for same period

23. Classification Procedure Weighted figure of road traffic calculated: Bullock cart, car, tonga, truck – 1 unit

24. Classification Procedure Weighted figure of road traffic calculated: Cycle Rickshaw– 1.5 unit

25. Classification Procedure Weighted figure of road traffic calculated: Bicycle– 0.25 unit

26. Classification Procedure Average weighted figure of road traffic for 24 hours is then worked out

27. Classification Procedure Multiplication of average weighted vehicles & no. of trains leads to classification

28. ClassValue A>12000 B>3000 C>1000 D<1000

29. TUNNELLING

30. Full Face Method Adopted only for small tunnels, dimension do not exceed 3 m

31. Full Face Method

32. Vertical columns are fixed at the face of the tunnel

33. Full Face Method A series of drill holes 10-40 mm dia about 1200 mm centre to centre drilled

34. Full Face Method Holes are charged with explosives

35. Full Face Method Mucking tracks could be laid once for all on the tunnel floor and extended as the work progress

36. Heading & Bench Method Method adopted for railway tunnels

37. Heading & Bench Method Heading is the top portion which will be 3700 m to 4600 m ahead of bottom portion, called as bench

38. Heading & Bench Method Heading & Bench portion simultaneously bored and bench is used for removal of muck

39. Heading & Bench Method Advantage: drilling of holes for explosives and removal of muck do not interfere each other

40. Heading & Bench Method

41. Drift System Drift is first driven size of 3000 mm by 3000 mm All horizontal openings made in a tunnel is known as drift

43. Drift System Drill holes are provided all around the drift hole for the entire cross section-filled with explosives All horizontal openings made in a tunnel is known as drift

44. Drift System Drift may at centre or at sides All horizontal openings made in a tunnel is known as drift

45. Pilot Tunnel Method There are two tunnels: Main Tunnel Pilot Tunnel

46. Pilot Tunnel Method Pilot tunnel is first driven for full length

47. Pilot Tunnel Method Pilot tunnel is connected with main tunnel as many points as needed

48. Pilot Tunnel Method Main tunnel can be started drilling

49. Pilot Tunnel Method Pilot tunnel is useful for removal of muck, provide lighting, ventilation

50. Pilot Tunnel Method Also tunnel can be started from number of points