1. 1 Macromolecules Biology video: Carbon (12:33) video: Carbon (12:33) video: Carbon (12:33) copyright cmassengale

2. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON and HydrogenorganicCompounds that contain CARBON and Hydrogen are called organic. CO2, CO, H2O are NOT organic. Why? They do not have BOTH C& H copyright cmassengale

3. 3 Organic Compounds Carbon can combine in long (large) chains to form complex molecules calledCarbon can combine in long (large) chains to form complex molecules called MacromoleculesMacromolecules PolymersPolymers copyright cmassengale

4. 4 Carbon (C) CarbonCarbon is the backbone of ALL organic moleculesWHY? Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). (It can make 4 bonds!!) copyright cmassengale

5. 5 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. 4 classes of macromolecules:4 classes of macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. copyright cmassengale

6. 6 Carbohydrates

7. 7 Carbohydrates (aka sugars) Contain the elements: C, H, & OContain the elements: C, H, & O Recognizing feature:Recognizing feature: H:O ratio is 2:1 for ALL carbs copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Carbohydrates (aka sugars) Contain the elements: C, H, & OContain the elements: C, H, & O Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

9. 9 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose (later) ribose (later) FructoseGalactose glucose copyright cmassengale NOTICE: all sugars end in -OSE

10. 10 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

12. 12 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Every time 2 molecules are joined a ______ is released. HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale 12

13. 13 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis removing water”Means “to put together by removing water”. “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

14. 14 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn, wood) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

15. 15 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Plants: 1) starch: can be digested Used for storage of energyUsed for storage of energy 2) cellulose: makes up rigid cell walls (can NOT be digested) a.k.a fiber glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

16. 16 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Animals: 1) glycogen: “human starch” Stored in liver & muscles of bodyStored in liver & muscles of body Used for storage of energyUsed for storage of energy Carb video (first 6:30) copyright cmassengale

17. 17 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

18. 18 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

19. 19 Lipids copyright cmassengale

20. 20Lipids Two groups: fats & oils Contain the elements: C, H, & O Two Main functions:Two Main functions: a) Stores carbons & energy “stores the most energy” –the more Carbons, the more energy that is stored b) make-up the structural parts of cell membrane copyright cmassengale

21. 21 Lipids Two building blocks of lipids are: glycerol fatty acids Two building blocks of lipids are: glycerol & fatty acids. copyright cmassengale

22. 22 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

23. 23 Lipids copyright cmassengale Phospholipids: c1 glycerol Phospholipids: composed of 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group 1 phosphate group.

24. Each time a bond is made a ________ molecule is lost. copyright cmassengale24 This makes it a dehydration synthesis reaction

25. 25 Recognizing Features Long chains lots of Carbon & Hydrogen Few Oxygen O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale The characteristics of simple fats depend on their chemical structure Depends on length & type of C chain

26. 26 Fatty Acids Length: usually between 16-24 carbons fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: only single bonds -no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale Can be broken here

27. 27 Other Lipids Examples: 1. CholesterolExamples: 1. Cholesterol 2. Hormones 3. Steroids 4. some vitamins 5. waxes We already mentioned:We already mentioned: Triglycerides, fats, oils, phospholipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. copyright cmassengale Video lipids -6:30-12:40

28. 28 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

29. 29Nucleotide Makes up DNA & RNA We’ll discuss more later O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH 2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

30. 30 Proteins copyright cmassengale

31. 31 Proteins (Polypeptides) Proteins contain the elements: C, H, O, & N Lots of functions:Lots of functions: a. Structural component of body membranes, hair, nails b.Messenger (Ex) hormone) c.Receptors d. defense against infection (antibodies) e. enzymes** most important -make chemical reactions happen at a faster rate  metabolism, digestion copyright cmassengale

32. Protein building blocks Amino acids Recognizing features: a) 1 central carbon atom b) amine group (-NH 2 ) c) carboxylic acid (-COOH) d) functional group (“R”) Need to finish off Carbon’s 4 th bond. So, add a Hydrogen copyright cmassengale32

33. Amino Acid options 20 different “R” groups = 20 different amino acids (humans) copyright cmassengale33

34. Amino Acid bonding copyright cmassengale34 Acid group of one a.a. bonds to the amine group of the second amino acid. Is released Dehydration synthesis

35. Amino Acid bonding copyright cmassengale35 NEW BOND PEPTIDE BOND

36. 36 Proteins Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

37. 37 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains)= polypeptide chain Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)= polypeptide chain aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

38. 38 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

39. 39 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

40. 40 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” (tertiary units) Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale Does not occur with all proteins!! Macromolecules Video

41. Lab: Compounds of Life reagentOriginal color Positive reaction What it indicates Biuret Benedicts Lugol’s iodine Silver nitrate copyright cmassengale41

42. How to answer questions… Sample Data: pH of Tap water with HCl Table 1: Change in pH of tap water with the addition of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Question: Summarize the effects of HCl on tap water. Answer #1: It went down Answer #2: The pH decreased. copyright cmassengale42 0 drops HCl 10 drops HCl 20 drops HCl 30 drops HCl Tap Water (pH) 7.96.14.82.7

43. How to answer questions… Sample Data: pH of Tap water with HCl Table 1: Change in pH of tap water with the addition of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Question: Summarize the effects of HCl on tap water. Answer #3: The pH of the tap water lowered when HCl was added. copyright cmassengale43 0 drops HCl 10 drops HCl 20 drops HCl 30 drops HCl Tap Water (pH) 7.96.14.82.7

44. How to answer questions… Sample Data: pH of Tap water with HCl Table 1: Change in pH of tap water with the addition of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Question: Summarize the effects of HCl on tap water. Answer #4: The initial pH reading of the tap water was 7.9. As the HCl was added the pH of the tap water continuously became more acidic until it reached a final pH value of 2.7 with 30 drops of HCl. copyright cmassengale44 0 drops HCl 10 drops HCl 20 drops HCl 30 drops HCl Tap Water (pH) 7.96.14.82.7

45. So, How do you apply this to YOUR lab & YOUR lab report? How do you know what ingredients (compounds) were present in the solutions? Include what was in the solution— prove it!! (site evidence from data table) Include what was not in it— Prove it!! copyright cmassengale45

46. Solution #1 The compound that was in solution 1 was starch. Solution 1 had starch because it had a positive reaction to Lugol’s Iodine test (table 4). As shown in Table 2, Lugol’s iodine indicates the macromolecule starch by changing from the original golden-red color to a dark blue-black color. Glucose is not present in solution 1 because Benedict’s did not turn from its original Caribbean blue. Solution 1 also did not contain protein because it did not show a positive reaction to Biuret. A positive reaction with Biuret would be shown with a light purple color. Chloride was not shown to be present in solution 1 because a milky white precipitate did not occur. Each of the reaction results are shown in Table 3. copyright cmassengale46

47. 47 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

48. 48 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

49. 49 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

50. 50 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH 2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

51. 51 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA copyright cmassengale

52. 52