1. DNA The Secret of Life

2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is the molecule responsible for controlling the activities of the cell It is the hereditary molecule DNA directs the production of protein

3. Structure of DNA In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases. Watson and Crick also proposed that DNA is shaped like a long zipper that is twisted into a coil like a spring.

4. Structure of DNA Because DNA is composed of two strands twisted together, its shape is called double helix. A double helix resembles a twisted ladder.

5. Nucleotides DNA is made up of subunits called nucleotides Nucleotides consist of the backbone, which is made of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate, as well as a nitrogenous base

6. Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base

7. How Did DNA Get its Name? Based on what you just learned, how do you think deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) got its name?

8. Nucleotides A nitrogenous base is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, there are four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

9. Nucleotide Sequence The four nucleotides are represented by the first letter in their name –A – Adenine –G – Guanine –T – Thymine –C – Cytosine

10. Nucleotide Sequence In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine Cytosine always pairs with Guanine

11. Nucleotides Nucleotides stack on top of one another forming the double helix, or twisted ladder

13. DNA Building Click here to link to a DNA building activity online!Click here to link to a DNA building activity online!

14. Go Get It Moment! When you hear “Move it!” you will have 30 seconds to come get one piece of paper with an A, G, T, or C on it. Then find someone else in the room whose letter correctly matches with your nucleotide letter and stand by that person. What are the questions? “Move it!”

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28. Go Get It Moment! When you hear “Double Helix”, you will have 1 minute to make a classroom DNA strand by standing next to another pair of nucleotides What questions are there? “Double Helix”

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45. DNA Replication In order for cells to divide, DNA must be able to make exact copies of itself –This process is known as DNA Replication

46. DNA Replication DNA Replication occurs before mitosis and meiosis Replication results in two identical DNA daughter strands from one mother strand

47. Process of DNA Replication The DNA strand is unzipped at the hydrogen bonds by an enzyme named helicase. Nucleotides in the nucleus then find their corresponding nucleotides on each of the two open DNA strands and produce two new DNA double helixes.

48. Link to DNA Replication Animation Click here to see how DNA Replication worksClick here to see how DNA Replication works

49. Protein Synthesis The main job for DNA is to direct the production of protein Protein makes tissues and organs and carries out the organism’s metabolism Proteins are polymers (chains) of amino acids

50. Protein Synthesis The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein

51. RNA RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides that is crucial in making protein There are three differences between DNA and RNA –RNA is a single strand –The sugar in RNA is called Ribose instead of DNA’s Deoxyribose –Like DNA, RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, but instead of Thymine, Uracil is the 4 th base

52. RNA as a Single Strand You recall that DNA looks like a twisted ladder and is referred to as a double helix RNA looks like half a ladder –There is only one side to RNA

53. RNA Contains Ribose Remember how DNA got it’s name? –It is a nucleic acid with deoxyribose as the sugar on the backbone –Hence the name Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has the sugar ribose on it’s backbone

54. RNA Has Uracil Remember the base pairs in DNA? –Adenine pairs with Thymine –Guanine pairs with Cytosine

55. RNA Has Uracil In RNA –Adenine pairs with URACIL –Guanine pairs with Cytosine

56. Making Protein Protein production starts with DNA DNA passes instruction to RNA RNA carries out the work of linking together chains of amino acids

57. Three Types of RNA There are three types of RNA involved in Protein Synthesis –Messenger RNA (mRNA) –Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –Transfer RNA (tRNA)

58. Messenger RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA), brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s factory floor, the cytoplasm –On the factory floor, mRNA moves to the assembly line, a ribosome –Remember that a ribosome is either a free-floating small dot in the cell or is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum making it “rough” ER

59. Ribosomal RNA The ribosome, made of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order

60. Transfer RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier Transfer RNA delivers the amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein

61. Genetic Engineering The manipulation of genes within a cell or organism Gene Mapping – finding location of genes on the chromosomes.

62. Gene Splicing Locate DNA Sequence Enzymes are used to separate the DNA of a particular location on the gene. New DNA can be spliced in or RECOMBINED with the remaining DNA. –This is known as Recombinant DNA

63. Gene Splicing The new DNA will have new characteristics. First use of this new technology was to manufacture human insulin for diabetics.

64. Gene Splicing One of the most interesting feats accomplished by genetic engineering is the splicing DNA from fire flies into a tobacco plant –The plant will glow in the dark.

65. Transcription The production of messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as Transcription DNA acts as a template for the RNA molecule To View a Link to Transcription Animation Click Here.To View a Link to Transcription Animation Click Here

66. Transcription The main difference between DNA Replication and transcription is that transcription results in one single strand of RNA rather than an exact duplicate of a double stranded DNA molecule Much of the information on the mRNA strand codes for specific amino acids to make protein

67. The Genetic Code A code is necessary to turn the language of RNA into the language of amino acids and proteins The four nitrogenous bases make up the code –The code letters are A, G, T, and C A set of three letters makes a “word” called a Codon –There are 64 possible codons

68. Codon

69. Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins

70. The Genetic Code As you could see on the chart of amino acids, there are more than one codon that code for certain amino acids –This results in fewer errors in protein synthesis

71. The Genetic Code All organisms use the same genetic code This provides evidence that all life on earth may have evolved from the same origin

72. Ribosomes The newly produced strand of mRNA travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome The ribosome is the actual site for protein synthesis

73. Translation: From mRNA to Protein The process of “reading” the three letter “words”, or codons, is known as translation Translation takes place at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm –The amino acids are free-floating in the cytoplasm and congregate at the ribosome during protein synthesis

74. The Process of Protein Synthesis The first codon is usually A-U-G, methionine, which starts the production of a new protein Following the start codon, the remaining codons call for amino acids in the order in which they appear on the mRNA strand

75. Transfer RNA (tRNA) At the ribosome, Transfer RNA (tRNA) identifies the code through translation and finds the appropriate amino acid matching the codons –Each tRNA molecule only attaches to one specific amino acid –The Anticodon on the bottom of the tRNA molecule corresponds with the codons on the mRNA strand Amino acid Chain of RNA nucleotides Transfer RNA molecule Anticondon

76. Protein Synthesis Animation –Click Here to Link to An AnimationClick Here to Link to An Animation