1. SOCIAL REFORM During the first half of the 19th century, reformers launched unprecedented (never seen before) campaigns to reduce drinking, establish prisons, create public schools, educate the deaf and the blind, abolish slavery, and extend equal rights to women.

2. RELIGIOUS REFORM- 2 ND GREAT AWAKENING  The 2 nd Great Awakening was a religious movement.  The 1 st Great Awakening had occurred in the 1700s during the colonial era.  Preachers would move men and women to want to reform (changed for improvement) their lives and the world.  The 2 nd Great Awakening had influence on many social reform movements including temperance and abolition.

3. RELIGIOUS REFORM  Charles Finney- Presbyterian lawyer who quit practicing law in order to minister to people. Wrote essays about morality and man’s choice to do the right thing Caused a separation within the Presbyterian church Held revivals where people fainted, shouted, and cried

4. TEMPERANCE  Temperance was the practice of drinking little or no alcohol  This movement was led mostly by preachers like Lyman Beecher. Lyman Beecher used revivals, lectures, and pamphlets to warn against the dangers of alcohol.  The temperance movement gained major victory in 1851 when Maine banned alcohol.

5. EDUCATION REFORM  In the early 1800s only elementary education was free.  Horace Mann made improvements to school curriculum, developed better ways to train teachers, and lengthened the school year.  Other states followed Mann’s school improvements.

6. RESULTS OF EDUCATION REFORM Colleges and Universities  Religious Colleges Holly Cross – Massachusetts Trinity College and Wesleyan University – Connecticut  Diversity Oberlin College of Ohio admitted women and African Americans Mount Holyoke was established as a women’s college Ashmun Institute later Lincoln University opened was founded for African Americans.

7. DISABILITIES REFORM  Thomas Galludet established the Hartford School for the Deaf in Connecticut to educate the deaf.  Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe led the Perkins Institute for the blind in Massachuesetts.

8. PRISON REFORM  Dorothea Dix: school teacher who visited prisons and began to lobby for change Found prisoners beaten, chained, starved, and exposed to poor condition. Many were not criminals, just mentally ill. Led to creation of separate facilities for mentally ill (asylums) and improvement of prison conditions

9. LITERATURE Social Reform

10. TRANSCENDENTALISM Transcendentalists focused on the relationship between nature and humans. Transcendentalism: literary movement focused on the philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things

11. TRANSCENDENTALISM  Transcendentalists included:  People who fought against social and political injustices like Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau practiced civil disobedience by refusing to pay taxes for the US-Mexican War (went to jail)

12. TRANSCENDENTALISM  Transcendentalists included:  Writers such as: Margaret Fuller who supported women’s rights Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke against prejudice (racism) and encouraged people to listen to their conscience.  Poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – Songs of Hiawatha Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson – Hope

13. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE  Transcendentalist writer who spoke out against slavery.  Her book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, showed slavery as a cruel and brutal system.  When Abraham Lincoln met during the Civil War, he said, “So you wrote the book that started this great war.”

14. ABOLITION  Abolition – the act of ending slavery.  Abolitionist – those who fought to end slavery

15. ABOLITIONISTS  William Lloyd Garrison  Worked for the country’s leading antislavery newspaper in Massachusetts, The Liberator.  Called for an IMMEDIATE end to slavery in the United States

16. ABOLITIONISTS  Sarah and Angelina Grimke  Wrote and spoke out against slavery.  Angelina and her husband, Theodore Weld, wrote American Slavery As It Is in 1839. A book similar to Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

17. ABOLITIONISTS  Frederick Douglass  the most widely know African American abolitions.  Editor of the antislavery newspaper, the North Star.

18. ABOLITIONISTS  Sojourner Truth  Escaped slave worked with the abolitionists and women’s suffrage women.  Her most famous speech, Ain’t I a Woman, spoke out for equal treatment of women.

19. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD  The network of escape routes from the South to the North.  It had no trains or tracks.  Guided by the North Star, slaves travelled thousands of miles, usually on foot through various escape routes to the North.

20. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd When the river ends in between two hills, Follow the drinkin’ gourd For the Ole Man’s waitin for to carry you to freedom. Follow the drinkin’ gourd.

21. WOMEN’S RIGHTS- SUFFRAGE  Suffrage – the right to vote  Women’s suffrage movement began with other reform movements in the 1800s.  Women like Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony were among the leaders of this reform movement.  Lucretia Mott (quaker) led anti-slavery movement and women’s rights movement

22. WOMEN’S RIGHTS-SUFFRAGE  SENECA FALLS CONVENTION- led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott  Held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.  The convention issued a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions similar to the Declaration of Independence.  The document declared, “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men and women are created equal.”

23. WOMEN’S RIGHTS  Susan B. Anthony pushed for equal education, coeducation (men and women learning together), and the right for women to speak publically as well as vote.  Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States and pushed for sanitary conditions in hospitals. She also opened medical schools for women.