1. Ecology Communities

2. Community Vocab. Community = all organisms in area Species richness = # different species determined by - abiotic factors determined by - abiotic factors - food supply - food supply - evolutionary history - evolutionary history - species interactions - species interactions - physical disturbances ( frequency) - physical disturbances ( frequency)

3. Niche = role in ecosystem - all activites & interactions role in ecosystem - all activites & interactions Fundamental niche = niche it would fill if not limited by competition niche it would fill if not limited by competition Realized niche = actual role played, area covered, food used etc.

4. INTERACTIONS Can be…. A) Interspecific – between species A) Interspecific – between species B) Intraspecific – within species B) Intraspecific – within species - competition, mates, social - competition, mates, social C) Obligatory – needed for survival C) Obligatory – needed for survival D) Facultative – helpful but not necessary D) Facultative – helpful but not necessary

5. Competition Intraspecific & Interspecific Intraspecific & Interspecific 2 types: Interference Competition = one species blocks access of one species blocks access of another species to some resource another species to some resource Exploitative Competition = one species is better at using the resource one species is better at using the resource so gets more so gets more

6. Competitive Exclusion Theory 2 species that use identical resources… can not coexist indefinitely One species will go extinct in that area Gause - studied Paramecium sp. - showed competitive exclusion - showed competitive exclusion

8. Resource Partitioning = subdividing resources to allow species to coexist

9. More types of interactions 1) Predation = (+,-) One predator kills and eats (+,-) One predator kills and eats more than one prey organism more than one prey organism

10. 2) Parasitoid = (+,-) One parasitoid kills and eats (+,-) One parasitoid kills and eats one host organism. one host organism.

11. 3) Herbivory : (+,-)herbivore eats plant (+,-)herbivore eats plant

12. Symbiotic Relationships Organisms live closley together Names end in –ism Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

13. 4) Parasitism = (+,-) Many parasites feed on (+,-) Many parasites feed on one host organism….try not to kill host one host organism….try not to kill host

14. 5) Mutualism = (+,+) symbiotic relationship where (+,+) symbiotic relationship where both benefit both benefit

15. 6) Commensalism = (+,0) one organism benefits (+,0) one organism benefits the other is not affected the other is not affected

16. More on Predator-Prey Interactions Co-evolution: joint evolution of 2 species that exert selective pressure on each other Lynx & Snowshoe hare Lynx & Snowshoe hare also common w/ mutualisms also common w/ mutualismsAdaptations: inherited genetic traits that improve an organism’s fitness inherited genetic traits that improve an organism’s fitness

17. Adaptations Can Help plants avoid being eaten Help predators capture prey Help prey avoid predators Match organisms to their habitat

18. 1.Cryptic Coloration Camouflage color Camouflage shape Camouflage behavior

25. 2.Chemical Defense SmellTastePoisonvenom

32. 3.Aposematic Coloration Warning color Red/orange Black & some bright color

35. Arizona Coral Snake

37. 4. Mimicry Organism looks/behaves like a different organism

38. 3 Types of Mimicry 1) A harmless/defenseless mimic looks like a dangerous model Batesian Mimicry Mimicry

39. Red next to black venom lack.

41. 2) Two dangerous/bad-tasting organisms mimic each-other Mullerian Mullerian Mimicry Mimicry

42. Monarch Viceroy

43. 3) Harmful predator/parasite mimics harmless model

44. Cleaner Wrasse Mimic Saber-toothed Blenny * Cleaner Wrasse

46. 5. Physical Defense Armor/Shell/SpinesTeeth/ClawsSpeed/Size