1. Global Warming And Hurricane Frequency and Intensity By Kristen Gardner 11-23-2010

2. -a severe tropical cyclone, usually with heavy rains and winds moving at 74 miles per hour or greater What Is A Hurricane?

3. 1- Warm Water 80 o F (27 o C) 2- Converging Equatorial Winds 3- Winds Flowing Outward 4- Humid Air Rising 5- Light Winds help it Grow *LATENT HEAT FUELS A HURRICANE (heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant pressure) What Does A Hurricane Need?

4. Cross Section of a Hurricane Eye- Low Pressure Center that is Relatively Calm Eyewall- Most Violent Part of a Hurricane Rainbands- Feed the Hurricane in a Evaporation/Condensation Cycle

5. How Are Hurricanes Categorized? The Severity of a Hurricane is measured by the damaged caused.

6. Category 1-5  Category 1- Some damage to trees and non-anchored homes, including mild flooding.  Category 2- Considerable damage to trees, causing them to be blown down and more extensive damage to poorly anchored houses.  Category 3- Trees will be blown down, minor structural damage to buildings will occur and more severe flooding.  Category 4- Severe damage to roofing and houses, including damage to coast line structures, due to severe flooding  Category 5- Small buildings will be swept away as major structural damage occurs, resulting in the evacuation of all living near the coast due to disastrous flooding.  Category 1- Some damage to trees and non-anchored homes, including mild flooding.  Category 2- Considerable damage to trees, causing them to be blown down and more extensive damage to poorly anchored houses.  Category 3- Trees will be blown down, minor structural damage to buildings will occur and more severe flooding.  Category 4- Severe damage to roofing and houses, including damage to coast line structures, due to severe flooding  Category 5- Small buildings will be swept away as major structural damage occurs, resulting in the evacuation of all living near the coast due to disastrous flooding.

8. Decadal Hurricane Graph

9. US Landfalling Hurricanes By Decade 1851-2005

10. US Landfalling Hurricanes By Year 1851-2005

11. 18 O is a natural isotope of oxygen and one of the environment isotopes and can be used to determine the temperature of precipitation though time. Interesting Fact: You can tell if an area has been effected by hurricanes by looking at tree rings.

12. ???Global Warming??? What is really happening? Bottom Line The Climate has been changing since the dawn of time. What is really happening? Bottom Line The Climate has been changing since the dawn of time.

13. Global Warming is said to have started because of The Industrial Revolution, and the Greenhouse Gases that were a result of burning of fossil fuels. The change of CO 2 released into the air since the Industrial Revolution is around 60ppm, which isn’t enough to make that big of change. The same amount could be emitted by a volcano. The change of CO 2 released into the air since the Industrial Revolution is around 60ppm, which isn’t enough to make that big of change. The same amount could be emitted by a volcano.

14. Ocean temperatures effect Global Warming Global Warming does not effect Ocean Temperatures Oceans hold 22X more heat than the Atmosphere El-Nino La-Nina Earth’s Rotation effect’s ocean temperatures Ocean’s Cover 71% of the Earth’s Surface Ocean temperatures effect Global Warming Global Warming does not effect Ocean Temperatures Oceans hold 22X more heat than the Atmosphere El-Nino La-Nina Earth’s Rotation effect’s ocean temperatures Ocean’s Cover 71% of the Earth’s Surface Facts About Oceans and Temperature

15. Global Warming = Less Hurricanes Global Warming appears to decrease the number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean. If the planet warms, then it has been calculated that by the end of the 21st century: # of hurricanes in Atlantic will fall by 18% # of hurricanes reaching the USA and it’s Neighbors will drop by 30% # of the Biggest Storms will fall by 8% # of Tropical Storms will decrease by 27% Global Warming appears to decrease the number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean. If the planet warms, then it has been calculated that by the end of the 21st century: # of hurricanes in Atlantic will fall by 18% # of hurricanes reaching the USA and it’s Neighbors will drop by 30% # of the Biggest Storms will fall by 8% # of Tropical Storms will decrease by 27%

16. The Battle Of The Graphs

17. !!Scare Tactics!! This Looks Scary!! This Picture was enhanced to show the 5 Major Hurricanes to hit land in 2005. Dennis July 10 th CAT 4 Emily July 17 th CAT 4 Katrina August 29 th CAT 3 with CAT 5 Storm Surges Rita September 23 rd CAT 5 Wilma October 22 st CAT 4

18. Hurricane Katrina Vs Great Labor Day Storm Formed August 23 th 2005 over the Bahamas Dissipated August 30 th 2005 1st Landfall, August 25 th, Southern Florida as CAT 1 Regained CAT 5 Status in Gulf of Mexico in less than 9 hours 2nd Landfall, August 29 th, Southeastern Louisiana as CAT 3 6th Strongest Hurricane in US History 3 rd Deadliest Hurricane to hit the U.S. Fatalities: 1,20o-1,800 Damages: $81 Billion ($91 USD) Sustained Winds: up to 175 mph Pressure: 26.64 Inches Formed August 29 th 1935 over the Bahamas Dissipated September 10 th 1935 1st Landfall September 2 nd in Upper Florida Keys as CAT 5 Lost CAT 5 Status in Gulf of Mexico and dropped down to a CAT 2 2nd Landfall September 4 th on he West Coast of Florida as CAT 2 Strongest Hurricane in US History 6 th Deadliest Hurricane to hit the U.S. Fatalities: 400-425 Damages: $6 Million ($95 Million USD) Sustained Winds: up to 185mph Pressure: 26.35 inches

19. Hurricane Facts Deadliest Hurricane on Record: Hurricane Galvin 1900, 8,000 fatalities Costliest Hurricane on Record: Hurricane Katrina 2005, $81 Billion Strongest Hurricane to Hit Land: Great Labor Day Hurricane 1935, 26.35 inches Strongest Hurricane in the Atlantic Basin: Hurricane Gilbert 1988, 26.22 inches Largest Number of Hurricanes in Atlantic at the same time: 4, September 25th -27th 1998, Including: Ivan, Georges, Jeanne and Karl. 80-100 Storms Develop Each Year in The Atlantic Less Than Half Achieve Hurricane Status Due to the Coriolis Effect Hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere Rotate Clockwise, Southern Hemisphere Rotate Counterclockwise

20. This Sums It Up?

21. Katy Perry’s song says it all “Your HOT then your COLD” There is always going to be a book or article that will tell you what ever it is you want to hear, the climate change debate is no different.

23. And A Little Something For Al

24. Works Cited Baringer, M. O., D.S. Arndt, and M.R. Johnson. “State of the Climate in 2009”. Bulletin of the Meteorological Society 91.7 (2010) S12-218 General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 Hoffman,Doug L., and A. Simmons. “The Resilient Earth; Science, Global Warming and the Future of Humanity ”. 2008. Book Surge Publishing, USA. Jerrell. Jerry, E. Rappaport, and M. Mayfield. “The Deadliest,Costliest, and Most Intense United States of This Century”. U.S. Department of Commerce as NOAA. (2001) www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/deadly/ Knutson, T.R., Sirutis, J.J., Garner, S.T., Vecchi, G.A., and Held, I.M. “Stimulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions”. Nature Geoscience 1 (2008) 359-364 Kunzig, Robert. “Hurricanes Intensify Global-Warming Debate”. Discover 27.1 (2006) 20-23. General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 National Hurricane Center. “Hurricane History”. Referenced Nov 2010 www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml Pielke, R.A., Jr., C. Landsea, and M. Mayfield. “Hurricanes and Global Warming”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86.11 (2005) 1571-5 General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 Plimer, Ian. “Heaven and Earth, Global Warming the Missing Science”. Taylor Trade, 2009. Sever, Megan. “Stormy Debate on Hurricanes and Global Warming”. Geotimes 51.7 (2006) General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 Baringer, M. O., D.S. Arndt, and M.R. Johnson. “State of the Climate in 2009”. Bulletin of the Meteorological Society 91.7 (2010) S12-218 General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 Hoffman,Doug L., and A. Simmons. “The Resilient Earth; Science, Global Warming and the Future of Humanity ”. 2008. Book Surge Publishing, USA. Jerrell. Jerry, E. Rappaport, and M. Mayfield. “The Deadliest,Costliest, and Most Intense United States of This Century”. U.S. Department of Commerce as NOAA. (2001) www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/deadly/ Knutson, T.R., Sirutis, J.J., Garner, S.T., Vecchi, G.A., and Held, I.M. “Stimulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions”. Nature Geoscience 1 (2008) 359-364 Kunzig, Robert. “Hurricanes Intensify Global-Warming Debate”. Discover 27.1 (2006) 20-23. General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 National Hurricane Center. “Hurricane History”. Referenced Nov 2010 www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml Pielke, R.A., Jr., C. Landsea, and M. Mayfield. “Hurricanes and Global Warming”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86.11 (2005) 1571-5 General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010 Plimer, Ian. “Heaven and Earth, Global Warming the Missing Science”. Taylor Trade, 2009. Sever, Megan. “Stormy Debate on Hurricanes and Global Warming”. Geotimes 51.7 (2006) General Science Full Text 17 Nov 2010