1. Scheduling with uncertain resources Collaboration with the user Eugene Fink, Ulaş Bardak, Brandon Rothrock, Jaime Carbonell Carnegie Mellon University

2. Problem Scheduling a conference under uncertainty Uncertain room properties Uncertain equipment needs Uncertain speaker preferences The automated scheduler needs to collaborate with the human user.

3. Problem Display the results of automated scheduling Enable the user to monitor and overwrite scheduling decisions Request advice of the user when necessary

4. Solution The system shows the schedule, allows the user to make any decisions manually, and makes the other decisions automatically. The user can fine-tune the final schedule, and experiment with alternative decisions.

5. Collaborative scheduling Automatic operations invoke the auto scheduling return the control to the user Manual operations Edit resources and constraints Modify the schedule Provide advice to the system

6. return the control to the user Collaborative scheduling Automatic operations invoke the auto scheduling Manual operations Edit resources and constraints Modify the schedule Provide advice to the system Automatic operations Process new data and advice Update the schedule Generate requests to the user

7. Requests to the user Find out the properties of a specific room Provide preferences for the start time, duration, or location of a specific event Select a room and time for an event

8. Main screens Schedule editing

9. Main screens Room specification Event preferences

10. Architecture ScorerWorld modelRequesterScheduler Top-level control Editing resources and preferences Collaborative scheduling Request display Graphical user interface

11. Experiments Scheduling of a large conference Eighty-four sessions Four days, fourteen rooms Manual Scheduling 0.61 Automated Scheduling 0.68 Collaborative Scheduling 0.72 Schedule Quality

12. Conclusions The system helps a human administrator to construct a conference schedule. The user can monitor the system’s decisions, make any decisions manually, and leave the other decisions to the system. The resulting schedules are better than the results of manual or automated scheduling.