1. Spanish Civil War Background –Lost Empire 19th Century –1898 lose Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Cuba Alfonso XIII (1902) –Autocrat –No reforms –Moroccan War lost 1921

2. Military Coup 1923 Miguel Rivera –Suspends constitution –Martial law –Censorship –Anti-corruption –90 Day term –Refuses to leave –Public works; tax the rich fails –Uses loans and inflation follows

3. Rivera Resigns 1930 Alfonso exiled after free elections choose a republic Provisional Government calls a general election Socialists PSOE and left win big victory

4. Republican Government N. Zamora is PM (Moderate republican) Radicals: –Azana, Caballero, Prieto –End Catholic Education –Women vote, Divorce legal –Azana (War Minister) massive Army cutbacks

5. Azana Takes Over (Oct. 1931) Zamora elected president Azana hates the Church –Religious buildings burned May 1931 –“burn all convents” –Failed Coup by General Sanjurjo –Sympathy vote leads to passage of Catalan statute and land reform –Fails due to incompetence

6. 1933 CEDA(Cath. Party) Formed Gil-Robles –Allies CEDA with Radicals (centrist party) and Radical leader Lerroux becomes PM –Dismantle Azana reforms –General strike by leftists Oct. 1934 –CNT/FAI (Anarchist Union) center of strike –Revolt in Asturias –Crushed by Franco, Azana arrested, but acquitted –Catalonian revolt crushed –Scandals force out Lerroux

7. 1935 Left Revitalized POUM (Marxist Workers Party) formed by Nin and Maurin (Anti-Stalin) Prieto takes over the Socialists PSOE

8. Popular Front Azana forms PF from Catalans, PSOE, PCE (Communists), Esquerra Party and Republican Union CNT won’t join Catalan autonomy, amnesty, agrarian reform, no political blacklists, damages to owners in 1934 revolt

9. National Front CEDA, Carlists (anti: secular, political/econ reform) Falange/Jose Rivera: oppose socialism, marxism, republic, capitalism (Model is Italy) Falange is Sympathetic to, but not part of NF

10. Civil War Begins Feb 1936 Election; PF 34.3%; NF33.2% PF gets 263 of 473 seats in Cortes CNT and Basques (strong Catholics) vote for PF Release political prisoners, agrarian reforms, Generals transferred, Falange outlawed, Catalan autonomy

11. Popular Front Government Wealthy flee Spain with capital PSOE won’t join gov’t because Left Wing under Caballero oppses Prieto Wants all liberals and non-socialists out of the government Comintern wants a weak Bourgeois gov’t to keep POUM out

12. Azana tries to govern Gradual reform Catholic schools closed to prevent arson Left wing rally suppressed and Prieto wounded Tenants cant be evicted CEDA is horrified and gives its campaign money to the army 330 assassinated, 1500 wounded, 1 million strike and 160 Churches/convents Burned

13. Flashpoint July 1936 Jose Castillo of Soc. Spec Police assassinated Conservative leader Jose Sotelo killed in revenge Sotelo had been threatened by Communist Dolores Ibarruri NF won’t negotiate; radical Giral made PM and arms leftist militias

14. July 17 Nationalist Revolt Generals Seize Islands and Franco flown to Morocco by MI6(British intelligence) Nationalists: Clergy, Practicing Catholics (except Basques), most of Army, landowners, businessmen Republicans: workers, peasants, intellectual MC

15. Nationalist Organization Sanjurjo is figurehead Mola and Franco run revolt although Franco hesitates Moroccan Army is better so Franco gets overall command Mola runs Peninsular Army Civil Guard: 46,000 Join revolt, 26,000 of Assualt Guard

16. Republican Army Left wing organizations Some loyal generals and parts of Civil and Assault Guards Sept. 1936 Caballero becomes PM and reorganizes: Loyal Generals and Political Commissars create order Soviet Tanks and Planes arrive 59,000 Int’l Brigade Volunteers(always led by Communists, angers POUM and Anarchists

17. Fascist Aid Italian and German tanks, troops aircraft, weapons Italy: Corps of Volunteer Troops: 50,000 German Condor Legion: 12,000

18. 1936 50,000 on wrong side of lines killed Feuds, dig own graves July: NF capture Ferrol naval base and fascist states offer aid Sept NF closes Fr. Border cuts off North Alcazar palace relieved and PF humiliated Oct. Int. Bde.’s save Madrid 2 Years of semi-seige follows Nov. Ger.& It. Recognize Franco Regime

19. 1937 It. And Sp. Colonial troops flood in but Madrid holds out Feb, L of N bans foreign volunteers Mar. Condor Legion comes anyway Apr =Guernica Jul. PF offensive and also attack near Madrid Franco counters, conquers Basques and North and Vatican recognizes regime

20. 1938 PF takes Tereul in Jan. loses it in Feb. Apr. Franco reaches the Sea PF seeks peace Franco wants unconditional surrender PF all out effort at Ebro to reconnect territory fails Catalonia invaded and Munich Agreement demoralizes Republicans

21. The Battle of the Ebro

22. 1939 Catalonia falls, Barcelona falls and GB and Fr. Recognize Franco in Feb. Madrid falls with help of Falangists inside the city War over April 1. (Some pockets of resistance Reprisals: 30,000 executed (some say 50- 200,000, forced labor, flee, internment in Fr.

23. Social Revolution Anarchists collectivized land, industry and created councils to administer them Soviets and Social democrats oppose them

24. Stalin’s Role Comintern forms Int’l Brigades Orlov of NKVD advises PF and organizes guerilla war Orlov ousts Caballero and gets Negrin in as PM NKVD arrests and executes leftist opponents, POUM, CNT 2/3 of Spanish Gold reserves sent to USSR

25. Atrocities Nationalists At least “50,000” executed during war Beevor: 200,000 white terror and 38,000 Red terror Aerial Bombing Secular teachers, attackers of the Church, civilians in captured towns and unwanted (unions and PF members)

26. Atrocities Republicans Nobles, landowners, industrialists, Church 7000 clerics killed and 283 Nuns Swallow rosaries, buried alive NKVD also kills Republicans

27. Review of Causes Fundamental tensions –Regional Separatism –Terrorism –Secular v. Church –Republicans split, liberals, socialists, communists, anarchists –Incompetent Repub. Leaders Manipulated by Stalin, PCE, (Gold Reserves)

28. Causes Long term imperial decline Landowners v. peasants Church v. Anti-clericalsim Conservatives v. Liberal Urban v. rural Army’s political interference Trad. of political violence Corruption/fraud by landowners and the left Separatism/anarchism Failure of reforms, fear of communism, Soleto murder

29. Nature of the War Brutality Foreign intervention Ideological war Air power Armored warfare experiments Propaganda

30. Social Impact Loss of life End of democracy Traditional agriculture remains Centralized state, corruption Cultural repression State is isolated

31. Franco’s Spain Chief of state Appoints all ministers Largely non-ideological –Runs state like the Army –Monarchists, falangists, Conservative Catholics, Army, Business, technocrats civil service support him Church regains power, subsidized, controls education Totalitarian? Fascist?

32. Fundamental Laws Labor Charter Cortes Charter of Rights Referendum Law of Succession National Movement Organic law of the state

33. Historiography Losers write the history! Traditional –Idealistic Republican Struggle –Defeat opens path to larger war, larger fascist agression –Innocent democratic leftists crushed by wealthy reactionaries –WWII and Sp. Civ. War part of same conflict: Liberal Democracy v. International Fascism

34. Historiography Morality Tale –Good v. Evil –Fascism v. Democracy –Enlightenment v. Catholic obscurantism –Communism v. Fascism Revisionism –Desperate response to radical destruction of democracy –Alzana, Zamora, Prieto, Caballero incompetent and self destructive –Narrow PF victory leads to irresponsible politics

35. Post-Franco Revisionism Cold War School –Blame PF failure on communists –Subversive, Stalin’s stooges –Orwell: Communists take over Republican Army New Left –PF fails due to inaction of western democracies –Communists commit some excesses but are progressive –Just trying to prevent another Democracy from falling to Fascists Post Franco USSR –Archives reveal PCE dominant last 18 months, coercive use of NKVD, Soviets economically exploit PF –AIM: Soviet Satellite state?