1. WRF-Chem Modeling of Enhanced Upper Tropospheric Ozone due to Deep Convection and Lightning During the 2006 AEROSE II Cruise Jo nathan W. Smith 1,2, Kenneth E. Pickering 2, Gregory S. Jenkins 1 1 Howard University Washington, DC 20059 and 2 Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Figure 1 - Ship track for the south and northbound legs of the AEROSE II Cruise along 23 W. (Nalli et al. 2006; Morris et al. 2006; Jenkins et al. 2008) WRF-CHEM MODEL PARAMETERSSPECIFICATIONS Start and End Time00 Z 20 May 2006 to 00 Z 01 July 2006 Resolution20 km Meteorology Initial/ Boundary Conditions6 hour interval GFS Final Analysis (1.0° x 1.0°) Chemistry Initial/Lateral Boundary Conditions6 hour interval MOZART-4 (Global Chemistry Model) Domain Top50 hPa # of Eta Levels28 Chemical MechanismCBM-Z MicrophysicsLin et al. (1983) CumulusNew Grell PhotolysisFast - J Wet-scavengingOn MODEL RUN AnthropogenicBiogenicFireAerosolLightning EMISSIONS SPECIFICATIONS RETRO/EDGAR – SO 2 MEGANGFED v2 – 8 Julian – day averages MOSAIC (4-bins)WWLLN Primarily CG Flashes corrected for total detection efficiency (DE) CONTROLYES NOYESNO BIOMASS BURNING YES NO LNOx + BIOMASS BURNING YES Obtain estimates of O 3 precursors (i.e. NO x and CO) resulting from biomass burning (bb) in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as they propagate northward and are lofted to the upper troposphere (UT) by convection. Examine estimates of the transport of O 3 and its precursors from Central Africa to 23 W. Attain 1 st order estimates of changes in O 3 production when NO x emissions from lightning flashes are added to the system. Goals For bb source region of Africa: O 3 enhancement of 5 – 25 ppbv in both the LT and UT during June 2006 For 23 W: O 3 enhancement is primarily confined to the UT and indicates convective transport and subsequent westward transport of O 3 and its precursors. Percentage increases in UT O 3 are greater here than over source region b/c of photochemical production of ozone from NO x and CO during transport Percentage increases in CO in all tropospheric layers doubled between Leg I and Leg II of AEROSE II due to its long lifetime long-range horizontal transport and convective transport. Percentage increases in NO x and O 3 tripled in the LT between Leg I and Leg II of AEROSE II due to long-range horizontal transport. The observed UT O 3 enhancement is not accounted for with just bb. For LNO x : NO x parcel takes 1 – 6 days to travel to 23 W from lightning locations in Central West Africa at 200 hPa Its likely that LNO x emissions are a more abundant source of ozone at 23 W. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Run WRF-Chem with: LNOx computed from adjusted WWLLN flashes on 20 km grid to examine how much NOx and subsequent UT O 3 is added to the system WWLLN flashes scaled up using a detection efficiency based on TRMM/LIS flashes specifically for June 2006 FUTURE WORK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Stacy Walters, Gabi Pfister, and Jeff Lee in Atmospheric Chemistry Division at the National Centers for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Steve Peckham and Georg Grell of NOAA for help with WRF- Chem modeling. We are grateful to Zhining Tao of GSFC for his assistance with modeling procedures. Nick Nalli of NOAA provided the AEROSE II Cruise data. The WWLLN data is provided by the University of Washington. This study was funded by NSF ATM # 621159 and the GSFC Co-op Program. LIGHTNING AEROSE II – 11 June 2006 AEROSE II – 29 June 2006 CO (ppbv)NO x (pptv) O 3 (ppbv) BBControl% IncreaseBBControl% IncreaseBBControl% Increase UT77.270.6 9.3 %115.4111.3 3.7 %74.673.0 2.2 % MT73.470.0 4.9 % 23.3 21.6 7.9 %37.738.0-0.8 % LT126.674.769.5 %111.7 11.5871.3 %22.718.324.0 % CO (ppbv)NO x (pptv)O 3 (ppbv) BBControl% IncreaseBBControl% IncreaseBBControl% Increase UT73.668.47.6 %43.138.212.8 %48.144.77.6 % MT71.067.25.7 %25.123.95.0 %36.235.61.6 % LT73.265.212.3 % 9.99.010.0 %15.915.24.6 % CO (ppbv)NO x (pptv)O 3 (ppbv) BBControl% IncreaseBBControl% IncreaseBBControl% Increase UT75.564.618.4 %43.638.812.4 %39.736.57.6 % MT71.564.910.2 %24.923.6 5.5 %37.036.80.5 % LT80.263.326.7 % 9.6 8.8 31.8 %18.614.726.5 % CO (ppbv)NO x (pptv)O 3 (ppbv) BBControl% IncreaseBBControl% IncreaseBBControl% Increase UT76.373.6 3.7 %104.1103.0 1.1 %84.9 0.0 % MT73.272.8 0.5 % 20.8 21.0 -0.9 %44.043.81.8 % LT91.073.024.7 % 20.0 7.5166.7 %24.220.021.0 % 0000 2 2560 28 40600 60 60612 1 1128 12 15808 0000 20 21420 199 283260 15 21992 42 53516 12 14972 1 1032 25 25876 35 36156 86 89040 3 3120 2 2080 0000 0000 0000 0000 24 24580 10 10056 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 29 61222 0000 7 14750 4 8341 14 29116 0000 5 10557 2 4220 12 25285 0000 2 4196 0000 0000 0000 16 33722 12 24786 10 21127 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 0. 29 59978 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 Figure 17 - # of WWLLN Flashes and LNO x Emissions (mol hr -1 ) for 12.5 – 13.5 km height (~ 190 hPa) at 20 Z 8 June 2006 Figure 18 – Same as Fig. 17 but for 26 June 2006 Figure 3 – a) MODIS Aqua image from 1310 UTC 30 May 2006 over Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia. The red dots indicate fire locations b) WWLLN lightning flashes for 1 – 15 June2006 from 30 W to 30 E and 15 S to 15 N and c) is same as b but for 16 – 30 June. Table 3 - CO, NO x, O 3 mixing ratios at the source region for the biomass burning (bb) run, control run, and their percent increases averaged over 20.5 E – 25.5 E and 3 S to 2 N. Figure 2 – Ozonesonde mixing ratio (ppbv) vertical profiles from the AEROSE II Cruise where a) is taken at 11 June 2006 at 1346 UTC and b) is taken on 29 June 2006 at 0234 UTC. Table 2 – WRF-Chem model emission specifications and types of runs. Figure 4 – WRF-Chem model domain – 30 W to 30 E and 15 S to 15 N Table 1 – WRF-Chem model specifications Table 5 – Same as Table 3 but percent increases are averaged over 20.5 W – 25.5 W and the Equator to 5 N. This region is considered the source region. Table 4 – Same as Table 3 but percent increases averaged over 20.5 – 25.5 W and the Equator to 5 N. This region is considered the 23 W ozonesonde region. Table 6 – Same as Table 4 but averages are over 23 – 29 June 2006.. Figure 10 – Ozonesonde mixing ratio vertical profiles from the AEROSE II Cruise where the solid line is the observation for 11 June 2006 at 1346 UTC. The dashed line is the WRF- Chem control run vertical profile and the dotted line is the WRF-Chem bb run profile. Figure 16 – Same as Fig. 10 but for 11 June 2006 at 1346 UTC. Figure 5 – Huvmoller diagram of difference in WRF- Chem bb and control run O 3 (ppbv). The black contours overlayed are NO x (pptv). Both are average values for 5 – 11 June 2006. Figure 6 - Same as Fig. 5 but black contours overlayed are CO (ppbv). Figure 12 - Same as Fig. 5 but black contours overlayed are CO (ppbv). Figure 7 – WRF-Chem bb and control difference in CO (ppbv) and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Streamlines at 200 hPa. Figure 8 – Same as Fig. 7 but for O 3 (ppbv). Figure 11 - Same as Fig. 5 but for averages are for 23 – 29 June 2006. Figure 9 – Same as Fig. 7 but for NO x (pptv). Figure 15 – Same as Fig. 7 but for NO x (pptv) for 23 - 29 June 2006. Figure 14 – Same as Fig. 7 but for O 3 (ppbv) for 23 – 29 June 2006. Figure 13 – Same as Fig. 7 but for CO (ppbv) for 23 – 29 June 2006. MOTIVATION WRF-Chem Modeling