1. Genetic Changes: Mutations Chapter 11.3

2. I. MUTATION  ANY change in an organisms DNA sequence  Causes  Errors in replication  Transcription  Cell division  External “mutagens”

3. A. Mutations in Reproductive Cells  Reproductive Cells  Gametes  Sperm  Egg  Only mutations in sex cells are passed on to offspring  Some mutations bad, some good

4. B. Mutations in Body Cells  NOT PASSED ON to offspring  Skin, muscle, or bone  Cells created from effected cell will also have same mutation  CANCER and growth of tumors

5. Cancer and Mutations

6. Brain Cancer Cells

7. Cancer Cell Undergoing Mitosis

9. C. The Effects of Point Mutations  Point mutations  Change in a single base pair in DNA  Only affects one amino acid in protein chain

10. D. Frameshift Mutations  Addition or deletion of a nitrogen base pair  Affects several amino acids in the protein sequence  Much greater effect as a mutation

11. II. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS  When chromosomes break apart and recombine  Usually happens during DNA replication or cell division

12. III. CAUSES OF MUATIONS  MUTAGENS  Radiation  Chemicals  High temperatures  X-rays  Ultraviolet light (UV light): Cancer  Asbestos (was banned)