1. Mutations

2. I. Mutations -any change in DNA sequence (order of nucleotides) is a mutation. -mutations can occurr during DNA replication, transcription, and cell division

3. II. Mutations in Reproductive (Sex) Cells -Mutations in sex cells (sperm and egg cells) can lead to changes in the DNA sequence which will be passed down to a person’s children.

4. III. Mutations in Body Cells -Mutations in body cells cannot be passed on to your children, however, they can cause cancer or other problems in your body. A cancer cell.

5. III. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: A person with skin cancer-This is why it’s important to always wear sunscreen!

6. III. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: Tongue cancer and lung cancer are often caused by changes in body cells as a result of smoking, so don’t smoke!!!

7. IV. Point mutation -A point mutation is a change in one base pair in a DNA sequence. -A point mutation can cause an amino acid to change, which will change the structure of the protein being made. Example: AUG=Met AAG=Lys -Only one letter was changed (the A to a U) and the entire amino acid changed (from methionine to lysine).

8. IV. Point mutation Normal Point mutation mRNA Protein Stop mRNA Protein Replace G with A

9. Results of Point Mutations Missense- Change of one nucleotide base that causes a change in one amino acid Example Correct mRNA = AUG GAA CGC Amino acid= MET-GLU-ARG Mutated mRNA = AUG GGA CGC Amino Acid= MET-GLY-ARG

10. Results of Point Mutations Nonsense- Change in one nucleotide that results in a stop codon being formed that results in a shortened amino acid chain. Example Correct mRNA = AUG GAA UGG AAC Amino acid= MET-GLU-TRY-ASP Mutated mRNA = AUG GAA UGA AAC Amino Acid= MET-GLU-STOP

11. Results of Point Mutations Silent- Change in one nucleotide that does not change the amino acid. Example Correct mRNA = AUG GGA CGC Amino acid= MET-GLY-ARG Mutated mRNA = AUG GGU CGC Amino Acid= MET-GLY-ARG

12. -Frameshift mutations cause the reading frame of the RNA to shift, resulting in the change of ALL amino acids that follow. -A frameshift mutation is much worse than a point mutation because it causes the entire DNA sequence to be shifted over! Example: DNA: ATTAAACCG ATAAACCG V. Frameshift mutation Delete this T

13. V. Frameshift mutation Example of a Deletion Correct mRNA = AUG GGA CGC ACC GUA Amino acid= MET-GLY-ARG-THR-VAL Mutated mRNA = AUG GAC GCA CCG UA Amino Acid= MET-ASP-ALA-PRO-

14. Difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.

15. Questions: Is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation? -It’s a point mutation because only one nucleotide changed!

16. Questions: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Point or frameshift? Point!

17. Questions THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Point or frameshift? -frameshift