1. POISONOUS PLANTS AND NATURAL PESTICIDE
Shahana Sharmin
Pharmacognosy-II
PHR 205

2. INTRODUCTION
Botanicals are naturally occurring insecticides and compounds derived from plants.
They are processed into various forms which include,
•       Preparation of crude plant material
•       Plant extract or resins &
•       Pure chemicals isolated from plants.
Generally they are used in form of dust , sprays, paste, suspension or preparations. Sometimes they are dispensed in the form of aerosol or liquefied gas propellants.
For the application of pesticides the equipment used are small hand sprayers, paint brushes for use in home to large power sprayers for treating livestock's and field crops. For vast area dispersal airplanes and helicopters are also used.

3. Advantages
1. Rapid degradation: Less persistence in environment and reduced risk to non target organism. May be applied shortly before harvest without leaving excessive residue.
2. Rapid action: Act very quickly to stop feeding by pest insects. They may not cause death for hrs. or days, but they often cause immediate paralysis or cessation of feeding.
3. Low mammalian toxicity: Most botanicals have low to moderate mammalian toxicity.
4. Selectivity: In the field, their rapid degradation and action as stomach poisons make them more selective in some instances for plant- feeding pest insects and less harmful to beneficial insects.
5. Low toxicity to plants: Most botanical are not phytotoxic (toxic to plants). Insecticidal soaps and nicotine sulphate, may be phytotoxic to some ornamentals.
6. Botanical pesticides are absolutely environment friendly.
7. Safe to other botanicals including to the person who applies them.

4. 8. Systematic and do not attack host organism.
9. Do not cause pesticides resistance as they comprise of a group of
complex chemical compound.
10. Easily bio degradable and do not posses any toxic effect.
11. Inexpensive and produce from natural renewable sources.
12. Do not exhibit any dosage problems as their drug tolerance limit is very high
13. May also be tried by mixing with one or more botanicals or the synthetic organic compound ( synergistic effect) and such combination may be more effective.

5. Disadvantages
1. Rapid degradation: This characteristic, although desirable in some respects, creates a need for more precise timing or more frequent applications.
2. Toxicity: All toxins used in pest control pose some hazard to the user and to the environment.
3 Cost and availability: Botanicals tend to be more expensive than synthetics and some are not as widely available.
4. Lack of test data: Data on effectiveness of long term ( chronic ) toxicity are unavailable for some botanicals and tolerances for some have not been established.

6. CLASSIFICATION
The plant derived compounds with pesticidal potential are:
Pesticides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides
Nematicides and Molluscicides
Rodenticides
Ascaricides - controls the ticks & mites.
Algicides - controls the Algae & other equatic veretation
Antiseptics - controls micro - organisms.
Arbericides - Defoliate & destroy trees & shrubs.
Miticides
Plant Incorporated protectants (PIPs)
The miscellaneous pesticides are antimicrobial, Attractants, Bactericide, Disinfectant etc.

7. PESTICIDES
Pesticide is a general term for substances that kills pests. Pest can be
weeds, insects, rodents, diseases, etc.
Pesticides can also be classified according to the type of action that result
in destruction of pest.
Three broad categories are,
(1) Stomach poison kill by being taken into stomach
(2) Systemic poison absorbed in the blood & leads to death of the pest due to toxic action
(3) Contact insecticides kill by direct or indirect contact with the insect or sometimes it penetrate inside the body & causes oxidation & suffocate the insect.

8. Essential of good pesticides
(a) It should have a high margin of safety for plants & animal causing
very little or no damage to the foliage or live stocks respectively.
(b) It should be safer.
(c) It should be easier to handle & easy for application.
(d) It should not show toxicity in case of warm blooded animals.
(e) It should not have flammable or explosive character.
(f) It should have safety & palatability of the food products exposed to insecticides & should not show the residual effects of pesticides.

9. Plants used for pest control experimentally and traditionally in different parts of world:
Name of the drug and B. S Family
Allium sativum (Garlic) Liliaceae
Anacardium occidentalis Anacardiaceae
Annona cuneata Annonaceae
Azadirachta indica (Neem) Meliaceae
Capsicum frutescens (chilli) Solanaceae
Cassia spp Leguminosae
Eucalyptus spp Myrtaceae
Euphorbia tirucalli (milk bush) Euphorbiaceae
Melia azedarach (Persian lilac) Meliaceae
Nicotiana spp. (tobacco) Solanaceae
Ocimum spp. (Basil) Labiatae
Pyrethrum Compositae
Rhuspyroides Anacardiaceae
Solanum nigrum (blackpepper) Solanaceae
Tagetes spp. (Marigold) Asteraceae

10. Basil species (ocimum sanctum family labiatae, holy basil)
It is reported by irvine(1955) for its potential as a pesticide.
Leaves and seeds are rich in essential oils
which are repellent,toxic, or growth inhibitory
to many insects.
In held and laboratory experiments with
seed exracts against bugs in turnip.
The eugenol content in the essential oil
has got strong repellent efect on mosquitos.

12. Cocaine, a Naturalinsecticide (erythroxyton coca, erythroxylaceae)
Cocaine found in the leaves of coca plants
has been found to have insecticidal effects.
Elicit a blocking of a key neurotransmitter
and hormone that regulates movement , behaviour and metabolism in insects.

13. Tobacco Nicotine Synonym: Tobacco
Biological source: Tobacco consist of dried leaves of Nicotiona tabacum
Family: Solanaceae
Prepare from west materials of tobacco
industry, volatile liquid alkaloid consists of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings.
Pure Nicotine highly toxic to warm blooded animals.
The insecticide usually is marketed as a 40% liquid concentrate of nicotine sulfate.
Effective against aphids, whiteflies, leaf hoppers and thrips.

14. Nicotine is more effective when applied during warm weather.
It degrades quickly so used on food plants nearing harvest.
Tobacco dust along with black pipper and liquid dish washing detergent mixed in water used as natural pesticide.

15. Tobacco

16. Chemical constituents
alkaloid
1-10% nicotine,
nornicotine,
anabasine

17. Isolation of nicotine from tobacco
Tobacco west material from industry is used for production of insecticidal nicotine. Nicotine is isolated by mixing tobacco waste with lime and extracting it with water. aqueous extract further extracted with kerosene and then kerosene extract is treated with sulphuric acid to obtain nicotine sulphate

18. Uses
Insecticidal
Free base of nicotine is more toxic than sulphate, Mostly effective against minute soft body insects like aphides, white flies, fruit tree borers, termites, cabbage butterfly larvae Nicotine preparations are safer, easier to handle, less toxic to warm blooded animals.

19. pyrethrum

20. Pyrethrum Synonym: Insect flowers, pyrethrum flowers
Biological Source: It consist of dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium,
Family: Compositae
Charecterstic
Open flowers are 9-12 mm diameter. Flower bears short longitudinally striated penduncle(stem supporting an inflorescence)
Colour- cream or straw colour
odour- slight aromatic,
Taste- bitter acrid. Before drying flower heads are non toxic to insects

21. Chemical constituents
Esters:
Pyrethrin- I,II,
Jasmolin,- I ,II
cinerin- I,II
Triterpine alcohol:
pyrethrol
Lactone: pyrethrocin.
other
pyretol,pyrethrotoxic acid,chrysanthemine, chrysanthemumic acid

22. Uses Domestic and agriculture insecticidal
It act on nervous system of insects resulting in muscular excitation, convulsion, paralysis
Toxic effect of pyrethrum on human are irritation to eyes, mucosa.
maximum permissible atmospheric concentration is up to 5 mg per cubic meter

23. Derris Root
Rotenone
Rotenone (compound from the Roots and Rhizomes of Derris elliptica Roxb, D.malaccensis pran, Lonchocarpus utilis, Lonchocarpus nicou and L. urucu, Leguminosae ).
It is a isoflavanoid derivative which strongly inhibits mitochondrial respiration.
It acts as both a contact and stomach poison to insects.
This general garden insecticide is harmless highly toxic to fish and many insects, moderately toxic to mammals and leaves no harmful residue on vegetable crops.
It is slow acting and, in the presence of sun and air, its effectiveness is lost within a week after application.
Wear a mask during application because rotenone can irritate the respirator tract.

24. Rotenone dusts and sprays have been used
for years to control aphids ,certain beetles
and caterpillars on plants as well as fleas
and lice on animals.
It is a potentially lethal toxin for aphids, cockroaches ,houseflies, corn bores,Mexican bean beetles and mosquitoes.

25. RODENTICIDE Strychnine
The occurrence of strychnine in Strychons species (Loganiaceae)has already been discussed.
This alkaloid has been used traditionaly for the extermination of moles , but its toxicity to other animals and its painful poisonous action do not make it a poison of choice.

26. Red squill
Red squill and white squill are both varieties of Urginea mortima (Liliaceae).
It may be distinguished in either the whole or powdered state by the reddish brown outer scales and white to deep purple inner ones.
In addition of other cardio active glaycosides the bulb of red squill also contain the glucosides scilliroside and scillirubroside.
Strain selected for high scilliroside content have been developed from plants.
Unlike other mammals, rodents do not regurgitate the squill bulb,and death follows convulsions and respiratory failure.

27. Marijuana – Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa – multi-use plant:
fibers  ropes, fishnets, clothing
seeds  food, oil (non-food uses)
glands  psychoactive drug
Cannabaceae
- Includes only Cannabis and Humulus (hops)
Related to Moraceae, Celtidaceae, Ulmaceae
herbaceous, laticifers, dioecious
One of the most interesting and controversial of our drug plants is marijuana, Cannabis sativa. It is a plant that has been useful to people since ancient times, providing not only the drug but also serving as a fiber and food plant. It is a member of a small family of only two species (depending of course on how Cannabis is classified) – the other species is another economically important plant that is used to flavor beer. The family has unisexual flowers borne usually on separate plants, so it is dioecious, and its floral structure as well as the presence of laticifers relates it to the Moraceae (fig family). Recent molecular work suggests that it is as closely related to the elms and hackberries (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae, sometimes included in a single family). Marijuana is native to Asia, where it has been used for millenia.

28. Cannabis Biology Glands THC
Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
-- female plants produce more glands
-- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought
-- sinsemilla (sin = without semilla = seeds) – particularly strong
Hashish – product - relatively pure resin
The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants.
Glands
THC

29. Deadly Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna)
This plant goes by many names, including Belladonna, Devil's Berries, and Death Cherries. Both the leaves and the berries are extremely toxic, and children have been known to die from eating just two berries.
One of the most toxic plants in the Western Hemisphere.
Consumption of Deadly Nightshade leads to delirium, hallucinations, dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and convulsions. Without receiving the antidote, sufferers will eventually die due to the plant's disruption of their body's involuntary activities such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate.

30. Deadly Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna)

31. Water Hemlock (Cicuta)
Water Hemlock grows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly North America and Europe, usually appearing inmarshy areas like wet meadows and along stream banks. Called “the most violently toxic plant in North America," it is the plant's roots that contain the deadly sap that, when touched or eaten, causes grand mal seizures and death.

32. Water Hemlock (Cicuta) poisoning
Fatal, Coma
Violent and painful convulsions
Skin contact – caused two kid death
Seizures, Swelling in the brain
Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Dizziness
Increase body tempreature and ph of the blood
Muscles breakdown, Kidney failure
Respiratory failure, ventricular fibrillation

33. Foxglove Botanical Name: Digitalis purpurea Common Names: Foxglove
Poisonous part: Leaves, Flower, Seeds
Poisonous Content: Digitoxin and Agyclones
Foxglove poisoning usually occurs from sucking the flowers or eating the seeds, stems, or leaves of the foxglove plant.
Poisoning may also occur from taking more than the recommended amounts of medicines made from foxglove.
This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure.

34. Foxglove

35. Thank you…!